Water and Wastewater Treatment in Nigeria: Advancements, Challenges, Climate Change and Socioeconomic ImpactsAAEA

Water and Wastewater Treatment in Nigeria: Advancements, Challenges, Climate Change and Socioeconomic Impacts

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Water and Wastewater Treatment in Nigeria: Advancements, Challenges, Climate Change and Socioeconomic Impacts

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Abstract. The research addresses the prevalent issue of inadequate water and wastewater treatment in Nigeria.

Over the years, advanced countries have developed substantial and robust systems for the treatment of water and wastewater, which ensures the preservation and sustenance of societal health and mitigates against the negative impacts that untreated and unregulated wastewater could cause to the environment, including water pollution, transmission of illnesses, destruction of ecosystems etc.

The study examines the historical and most recent water treatment methods, including boiling and more advanced techniques such as Membrane Filtration, Ultraviolet Disinfection and Reverse Osmosis. Also, an overview of the potential threats to water treatment, including poor power supply, poor infrastructure, poor waste management system, poverty, policy issues, and corruption, was conducted.

With the advent of technology, treatment methods such as biological and chemical treatments have been instituted.

For example, biological treatment entails using bacteria to destroy contaminants in water, leveraging the natural ability of microorganisms to survive in unseemly harsh conditions.

The paper explores the economic analysis of waste management strategies in Nigeria, stating the costs, benefits and challenges faced.
While implementing these strategies can be costly due to a lack of infrastructural and institutional capacity, it benefits societal health
protection and promotes environmental sustainability in the long run.

Stakeholder engagement includes supporting water and wastewater treatment technology implementation and setting up local
committees.

That can help educate and ensure proper disposal of waste and wastewater by homeowners, industries and local businesses, which is discussed as an essential factor in providing adequate water reforms.

The research examines important organisations in Nigeria responsible for conducting research, developing policies, enforcing environmental laws, and developing national guidelines and standards.

These organisations include the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, the National Water Resources Institute, River Basin Development Authorities, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Ministry of Environment and the National Environmental Rules and Regulations Enforcement Agency.

We examined the relationship between climate change, water and wastewater treatment, discussing the effects of climate change
on water resources, including irregular rainfall patterns, decreasing ice sheets, increasing sea levels, floods and droughts.

The efforts of the Nigerian government to combat climate change, such as the introduction of the national climate change policy and the enactment of the Climate Change Act 2021, were highlighted.

The study also highlights the need for comprehensive strategies and cooperation to achieve long-term climate goals and promote climate-resilient economic development. We looked into the socioeconomic impact of effluent discharge and socioeconomic factors related to climate change in Nigeria.

It reveals how wastewater affects agricultural activities such as fishing and farming and negatively impacts aquatic life, farmers and consumers.

Discussions revolved around societal rights and obligations stated in the Nigerian Constitution regarding the government’s responsibility to provide access to healthcare, shelter, food, employment, and education.

Recommendations were made, emphasising the need for properly designed and operated water treatment systems, prioritising water management, the importance of considering local conditions and the use of appropriate technology in ensuring the success of projects.

Financial support from international organisations is essential. However, local commitment is likewise crucial for long-term sustainability.

Keywords: water treatment; wastewater treatment; water pollution; water resource management; effluent discharge; waste management.

MISE AU POINT D’UN SYSTÈME INTÉGRÉ DE GESTION DES EAUX USÉESAAEA

MISE AU POINT D’UN SYSTÈME INTÉGRÉ DE GESTION DES EAUX USÉES

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MISE AU POINT D’UN SYSTÈME INTÉGRÉ DE GESTION DES EAUX USÉES

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RÉSUMÉ

Le présent travail a consisté en une étude technique et scientifique d’un système intégré de traitement et de recyclage des eaux usées.

En effet, les eaux usées et leur épuration constituent à la fois un enjeu économique majeur pour la promotion agricole d’une part, et une cause importante des maladies diarrhéiques et parasitaires si elles ne sont pas bien traitées avant leur utilisation d’autre part.

Pour concilier ce double rôle joué par ces dernières dans l’équilibre de l’environnement et de la gestion durable des ressources en
eau, il a été mis au point et réalisé une station pilote de traitement et de recyclage des eaux usées sur le site du Campus de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi (République du Bénin- Afrique de l’Ouest).

La station, dimensionnée sur la base des débits et caractéristiques biologiques et physico-chimiques des eaux usées générées par les résidences universitaires, est constituée d’un bassin anaérobie, d’un bassin facultatif et de deux séries de bassins de maturation (l’une utilisant le lagunage simple, l’autre le lagunage à macrophytes).

Les effluents des séries sont convergés vers deux (02) bassins à poissons distincts.

L’effluent des bassins à poissons est utilisé pour l’irrigation de culture maraîchère.

L’envergure de la station y compris les zones cultivées est de 1ha 30a.

Les performances épuratoires de la station ont été évaluées à partir de la mesure des paramètres physico-chimiques tels que : le pH, la turbidité, les matières en suspension (MES), la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO), la demande biochimique en oxygène à 20°c en 5 jours (DBO5), l’azote et le phosphore.

Il résulte des analyses de laboratoire, des abattements de la DCO de 93% et 90%, de la DBO5 97% et 93% respectivement à la sortie du système à lentilles d’eau et du système à algues, une élimination de 98% environ des matières en suspension à la sortie des deux systèmes.

Mots-clés : eaux usées, caractérisation, bassins de stabilisation, macrophyte, épuration, recyclage.

 

ABSTRACT

Development of an integrated system of management of wastewater

This work consisted in a technical and scientific study of an integrated wastewater treatment and recycling system.

Indeed, sewage treatment is a major economic challenge for agricultural promotion on one hand; in the other hand, improper sewage disposal and the use of untreated wastewater are the major cause of diarrhea and water related diseases.

To remediate to the effect of sewage on the environmentstability and enhance a sustainable water resources management, a pilot plant for treatment and recycling of wastewater has been designed and constructed on the site of the campus of the University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin, West Africa).

The plant, designed based on the flow, biological and physico-chemical characteristics of the wastewater generated by university halls, consists of an anaerobic pond, a facultative pond and two series of maturation ponds (one is algae based treatment, other macrophytesbased treatment).

The effluents from the series are conveyed to two (02) separate fish ponds.

The effluent from fish ponds is used for cropsfarming.

The land use for the overall system is 1ha 30a.

The performance of the plant were evaluated through the monitoring of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand at 20°C after 5 days incubation (BOD5), nitrate, nitrite and phosphate.

From the laboratory analysis, the removal efficiencies observed are: 93% and 90% for COD, 97% and 93% for BOD5respectively for the duckweed based system and algae based system;the percentage of removal of suspended solids is approximately 98% for the two systems.

Keywords : sewage, characterisation, stabilisation ponds, macrophytes, treatment, recycling.

Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides TropicalesAAEA

Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides Tropicales

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Synthese Bibliographique Sur Les Technologies De Maitrise De L’eau Pour Les Cultures Dans Les Zones Humides Tropicales

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Abstract

Water management for agriculture is a worry in the world.

The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on water control’s technologies for the crops in wetlands.

Comparison research work carried out on different irrigation systems revealed that drip irrigation can lead to 28-35% of water saving in relation to irrigation surface technic.

Surface irrigation offers higher yield in relation to drip irrigation.

It’s necessary to improve knowledge and local communities’ technics on different water control technologies in order to provide irrigation’s functions in developing countries.

Research efforts on three important concepts are necessary such as : (i) local communities perceptions on crops water need and the responses of differents crops technologies on crops yield ; (ii) interactions between agricultures prospects, water controls innvations and economics benefits of theses technologies.

Keywords: Technologies, Water, Wetlands, Agriculture

Résumé

La gestion de l’eau pour l’agriculture est une préoccupation ancienne et contemporaine dans le monde. Les pratiques et technologies de maîtrise de l’eau se sont développées dans un contexte de gestion durable des ressources naturelles.

L’objectif de l’étude est de faire une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur les technologies de maîtrise de l’eau pour les
cultures dans les zones humides.

Il ressort de cette analyse que l’agriculture irriguée contribue à la sécurité alimentaire, l’augmentation de l’emploi et la
lutte contre la pauvreté dans de nombreuses régions du monde.

Des études de comparaison effectuées sur les différents systèmes d’irrigation révèlent que l’irrigation goutte à goutte peut conduire à 28-35% d’économie d’eau par rapport au technique d’irrigation de surface.

L’irrigation de surface offre des rendements supérieurs par rapport au goutte-à-goutte.

Pour remplir les fonctions liées à l’irrigation dans les pays en voie de développement, il est nécessaire d’améliorer les connaissances et les techniques des communautés locales sur les différentes technologies de maîtrise de l’eau.

Des efforts de recherche sur trois axes majeures sont indispensables tels que : (i) les perceptions des communautés locales sur les besoins en eau des cultures et les réponses de différentes technologies des cultures sur les rendements des cultures ; (ii) les interactions entre les perspectives d’agricultures, les pratiques innovantes de maitrise de l’eau et les bénéfices économiques de ces technologies.

Mots clés: Technologie, Eau, Zone humide, Agriculture

Groundwater Quality: UgandaAFWASA

Groundwater Quality: Uganda

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Groundwater Quality: Uganda

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This is one of a series of information sheets prepared for each country in which WaterAid works.

The sheets aim to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that may occur in groundwater in the country in question.

The purpose of the sheets is to provide guidance to WaterAid Country Office staff on targeting efforts on water quality testing and to encourage further thinking in the organisation on water quality issues

Groundwater Quality: MaliAFWASA

Groundwater Quality: Mali

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Groundwater Quality: Mali

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This is one of a series of information sheets prepared for each country in which WaterAid works.

The sheets aim to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that may occur in groundwater in the country in question.

The purpose of the sheets is to provide guidance to WaterAid Country Office staff on targeting efforts on water quality testing and to encourage further thinking in the organisation on water quality issues.

 

Problématique d’accès à l’eau potable dans les quartiers spontanés de la ville de Bafoussam, CamerounAAEA

Problématique d’accès à l’eau potable dans les quartiers spontanés de la ville de Bafoussam, Cameroun

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Problématique d’accès à l’eau potable dans les quartiers spontanés de la ville de Bafoussam, Cameroun

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ABSTRACT: In Cameroon, the issue of access to portable is water is at the centre of debates because in several regions and
divisions a large number of the population do not have access to this precious commodity, which is at the heart of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The aim of this work is therefore to highlight the difficulties faced by the population to access portable water in the spontaneous neighbourhoods of the city of Bafoussam. To do this, 173 households in the Bamendzi, Tougang-ville, Tougang- village, Ngouache and Kouogouo neighbourhoods have been the subject of field verification.

The result shows that, despite the measures taken by the administrative authorities and the Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (Camwater), not all inhabitants have access to portable water.

The main reason for this is; the lack of control over population growth, which is characterised by a continuous increase in built-up areas from 549 to 10710 ha between 1980 and 2020.

Similarly, the degradation of water infrastructure and the inaccessibility to portable water are two (02) factors that have pushed the populations to look for alternative sources of water supply, namely wells, boreholes and springs.

In addition, about 75% of the population surveyed stated that they get their supplies through these means and also face sanitation problems which are consequently at the origin of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, respiratory and skin
infections.

However, the Decentralised Administrative Authorities must put in place means to enable the population of the city of Bafoussam to have access to drinkable water.

KEYWORDS: Portable water, urban sprawl, spontaneous neighborhoods, waterborne diseases, Bafoussam.

 

RESUME: Au Cameroun, la problématique de l’accès à l’eau potable est encore au centre des débats car dans plusieurs régions
et départements, un grand nombre de la population n’arrive pas à s’approvisionner facilement en cette denrée encore rare
qui figure pourtant au cœur des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD).

Ce travail a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les difficultés d’accès à l’eau potable dans les quartiers spontanés de la ville de Bafoussam. Pour ce faire, 173 ménages des quartiers Bamendzi, Tougang-ville, Tougang- village, Ngouache et Kouogouo ont fait l’objet d’enquête de terrain.

Il ressort de cela que, malgré les mesures prises par les autorités administratives et par la Cameroun Water Utilities Corporation
(Camwater), tous les habitants n’ont pas accès à l’eau potable.

La principale raison étant la non maitrise de la démographie, suivi de l’accroissement continue des surfaces bâtis qui est passé de ha en 1980 a ha en 2020.

De même, la dégradation des infrastructures d’eau et l’inaccessibilité à l’eau potable sont deux (02) facteurs qui ont poussés les populations à se tourner vers des sources alternatives d’approvisionnement à savoir les puits, les forages, les sources aménagées et non aménagées.

En plus, environ 75% de la population enquêté affirme se ravitailler par ces moyens et font face aux problèmes d’assainissement
qui sont à l’origine des maladies hydriques tel que la typhoïde, les infections respiratoires et cutanés.

Toutefois, les Autorités Administratives Décentralisés doivent mettre en place des moyens permettant à la population de la ville de Bafoussam d’avoir accès à l’eau potable.

MOTS-CLES: Eau potable, étalement urbain, quartiers spontanés, maladies hydriques, Bafoussam.

LES DEFIS DE LA POLLUTION DE L'EAU, UNE MENACE POUR LA SANTE PUBLIQUE : ATOUTS ET DEFAUTS DES LOIS ET POLITIQUES DE L'EAU AU SENEGALAAEA

LES DEFIS DE LA POLLUTION DE L’EAU, UNE MENACE POUR LA SANTE PUBLIQUE : ATOUTS ET DEFAUTS DES LOIS ET POLITIQUES DE L’EAU AU SENEGAL

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LES DEFIS DE LA POLLUTION DE L’EAU, UNE MENACE POUR LA SANTE PUBLIQUE : ATOUTS ET DEFAUTS DES LOIS ET POLITIQUES DE L’EAU AU SENEGAL

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RESUME
Dans de nombreux pays en développement, la pollution, liée à une démographie galopante et à des infrastructures d’assainissement et de traitement des déchets inadéquates, constitue une menace pour la santé publique, les espèces sauvages ainsi que pour les sources de revenu.

Dans une ère d’urbanisation sans précédent, la pression de la population et de la croissance industrielle sont aujourd’hui de sérieux menace pour la gestion de l’eau au Sénégal.

La pollution de l’eau par les vidanges non traitées, les déchets industriels et le drainage agricole a limité la disponibilité des ressources en eau du pays.

La santé humaine fait face aux problèmes sérieux en raison de la détérioration de la qualité de l’eau potable. Cet article fournit un aperçu des problèmes de qualité de l’eau au Sénégal tout en soulignant les défis d’applications des lois et des politiques de l’eau ainsi que leurs défauts au Sénégal.

Même si l’eau est disponible en quantité au Sénégal, dans certaines parties du pays, cette ressource vitale n’est pas de qualité et plus d’un million de Sénégalais ne disposent pas d’une eau de qualité du fait de la forte teneur en fluor et en sel, la contamination par des résidus industriels ou la pollution humaine (DGPRE).

Bien que le Sénégal ait développé beaucoup de lois et de politiques de l’eau, leur application reste difficile face à la forte pollution toujours présente.

Toutefois, la stricte exécution des règlements pour l’environnement et l’eau au Sénégal est obligatoire.

De plus, il est nécessaire d’établir un système d’évaluation de risque fiable pour la qualité de l’eau, la santé humaine et la sécurité écologique.

Mots clés : Pollution de l’eau, santé publique, contamination, pollution industrielle et agricole, lois et politiques de l’eau, Sénégal.

 

ABSTRACT
In numerous developing countries, the pollution, connected to a massive population growth and to inadequate infrastructures of purification and waste treatment, establishes a threat for the public health, the wild sorts as well as for sources of income. In an era of unprecedented urbanization, the pressure of the population and the industrial growth are of seriousness today threaten for the
management of the water in Senegal.

The water pollution by the drainings untreated, the industrial waste and the agricultural drainage limited the availability of the water resources of the country.

The human health faces the serious problems because of the deterioration of the quality of the drinking water.

This article supplies an overview of the quality problems of the water in Senegal while underlining the challenges of applications of the laws and the policies of the water as well as their defects in Senegal. Even if the water is available in quantity in Senegal, in certain parts of the country, this vital resource is not of quality and more of one million Senegalese have not a quality water because of the strong content in fluorine and in salt, the contamination by industrial waste or human pollution (DGPRE).

Although Senegal developed many laws and policies of the water, their application remains difficult in the face of the strong pollution always present.

However, the strict execution of the regulations for the environment and the water in Senegal is compulsory.

Furthermore, it is necessary to establish a system of evaluation of reliable risk for the quality of the water, the human health and the ecological security.

Keywords: water pollution, public health, contamination, industrial and agricultural pollution, laws and policies of water, Senegal.

 

LA PRESERVATION DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU AU MALI : CAS DU DISTRICT DE BAMAKO.AAEA

LA PRESERVATION DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU AU MALI : CAS DU DISTRICT DE BAMAKO.

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LA PRESERVATION DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU AU MALI : CAS DU DISTRICT DE BAMAKO.

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Résumé

L’eau, ressource naturelle indispensable de son état et socle de la vie qu’elle doit préserver, est une denrée rare dont le problème de sa qualité ne saurait rester en marge du droit, étant donnée les enjeux dont elle est au cœur.

La qualité de l’eau a fait l’objet d’une prise de conscience dans les Etats dont le Mali.

Les décideurs maliens ont été amenés à déployer des instruments juridiques visant à protéger la qualité de l’eau contre les nuisances de toutes natures.

En dépit de ces efforts, ladite qualité demeure une préoccupation des consommateurs au regard des insuffisances constatées sur le plan international et national.

Les dispositions appropriées doivent être prises pour combler les lacunes relevées afin de préserver l’eau de toutes formes de pollutions.

Les mots-clés : Qualité, L’eau, Instruments juridiques.

Abstract

Water, an essential natural resource for its condition and the foundation of life that it must preserve, is a rare commodity whose quality problem cannot remain outside the laws, given the challenges of which it is at the heart.

Water quality has been the subject of widespread in states, including Mali.

These Malian decision makers have been led to deploy legal instruments aimed at protecting water quality against nuisances of all kinds.

Despite these efforts, said quality remains a concern of the shortcomings noted on the international and national level.

Appropriate measures must be taken to fill the identified gaps in order to preserve water from all forms of pollution.

The keywords: Quality, Water, Legal instruments.

 

Addressing the water-energy nexus: A focus on the barriers and potentials of harnessing wastewater treatment processes for biogas production in Sub Saharan AfricaAFWASA

Addressing the water-energy nexus: A focus on the barriers and potentials of harnessing wastewater treatment processes for biogas production in Sub Saharan Africa

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Addressing the water-energy nexus: A focus on the barriers and potentials of harnessing wastewater treatment processes for biogas production in Sub Saharan Africa

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A B S T R A C T

Several anthropogenic activities reduce the supply of freshwater to living organisms in all ecological systems, particularly the human population.

Organic matter in derived wastewater can be converted into potential energy, such as biogas (methane), through microbial transformation during anaerobic digestion (AD).

To address the current lack of data and values for wastewater generation in Sub-Saharan Africa, this review analyzes and estimates (at 50% and 90% conversion rates) the potential amount of wastewater-related sludge that can be generated from domestic freshwater withdrawals using the most recent update in 2017 from the World Bank repository and database on freshwater status in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) could potentially produce the highest estimate of biogas in Sub-Saharan Africa from domestic wastewater sludge of approximately 90 billion m 3 , which could be converted to 178 million MWh of electricity annually, based on
this extrapolation at 50% conversion rates.

Using same conversion rates estimates, at least nine other countries, including Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, and Congo Republic, could potentially produce biogas in the range of 1–20 billion m3 .

These estimates show how much energy could be extracted from wastewater treatment plants in Sub-Saharan Africa.

AD process to produce biogas and energy harvesting are essential supplementary operations for Sub-Saharan African wastewater treatment
plants.

This approach could potentially solve the problem of data scarcity because these values for Freshwater withdrawals are readily available in the database could be used for estimation and projections towards infrastructure development and energy production planning.

The review also highlights the possibilities for energy generation from wastewater treatment facilities towards wastewater management, clean energy, water, and sanitation sustainability, demonstrating the interconnections and actualization of the various related UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Keywords: Sustainability, Anaerobic, digestion, Clean energy Waste-to-energy, Circular economy

Characterization of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse in Kigali, RwandaAFWASA

Characterization of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse in Kigali, Rwanda

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Characterization of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse in Kigali, Rwanda

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Abstract:

Like many developing countries, Rwanda is grappling with water shortages in the face of both increased urbanization and industrialization.

Other options that will provide water for industrial activities without necessarily tapping into new water sources must be explored.

This study investigates the prospects of wastewater re-use using a case study of Bralirwa soft drink factory (BSDF) in Kigali City, Rwanda.

From August 2009 to January 2010, laboratory experiments were conducted at both Bralirwa wastewater treatment plant laboratory and National University of Rwanda water laboratory.

The main objective was to characterize wastewater from BBSDF so as to determine its reuse options.

The parameters analyzed included Temperature (T), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity, Ammonium Nitrogen (NH 4 -N), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ), Electro-Conductivity (EC), Salinity, equivalent OH- and Residual Chloride.

The Bralirwa soft drink factory wastewater removal efficiencies for TSS, BOD 5 , EC, TDS, NH 4 N, TP, Residual Chloride, and equivalent OH-, was 72%; 93%; 30%; 25%; 78%; 30%; 84% and 92%, respectively.

Based on recommended Rwandan wastewater quality re-use standards, this study concluded that Bralirwa wastewater re-use options are lawn irrigation, agricultural irrigation, factory reuse etc.

Keywords: Brewery wastewater, removal efficiencies, Rwanda, wastewater treatment, wastewater reuse, water quality.