This is one of a series of information sheets prepared for each country in which WaterAid works.
The sheets aim to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that may occur in groundwater in the country in question.
The purpose of the sheets is to provide guidance to WaterAid Country Office staff on targeting efforts on water quality testing and to encourage further thinking in the organisation on water quality issues
This is one of a series of information sheets prepared for each country in which WaterAid works.
The sheets aim to identify inorganic constituents of significant risk to health that may occur in groundwater in the country in question.
The purpose of the sheets is to provide guidance to WaterAid Country Office staff on targeting efforts on water quality testing and to encourage further thinking in the organisation on water quality issues.
LA PRESERVATION DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU AU MALI : CAS DU DISTRICT DE BAMAKO.
Résumé
L’eau, ressource naturelle indispensable de son état et socle de la vie qu’elle doit préserver, est une denrée rare dont le problème de sa qualité ne saurait rester en marge du droit, étant donnée les enjeux dont elle est au cœur.
La qualité de l’eau a fait l’objet d’une prise de conscience dans les Etats dont le Mali.
Les décideurs maliens ont été amenés à déployer des instruments juridiques visant à protéger la qualité de l’eau contre les nuisances de toutes natures.
En dépit de ces efforts, ladite qualité demeure une préoccupation des consommateurs au regard des insuffisances constatées sur le plan international et national.
Les dispositions appropriées doivent être prises pour combler les lacunes relevées afin de préserver l’eau de toutes formes de pollutions.
Les mots-clés : Qualité, L’eau, Instruments juridiques.
Abstract
Water, an essential natural resource for its condition and the foundation of life that it must preserve, is a rare commodity whose quality problem cannot remain outside the laws, given the challenges of which it is at the heart.
Water quality has been the subject of widespread in states, including Mali.
These Malian decision makers have been led to deploy legal instruments aimed at protecting water quality against nuisances of all kinds.
Despite these efforts, said quality remains a concern of the shortcomings noted on the international and national level.
Appropriate measures must be taken to fill the identified gaps in order to preserve water from all forms of pollution.
The keywords: Quality, Water, Legal instruments.
Au Cameroun, l’accès aux systèmes d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu urbain apparaît sélectif.
Les populations des quartiers situés en périphérie ont recours aux puits et sources pour assouvir leurs besoins.
La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines couramment utilisées dans quelques quartiers de l’arrondissement de Yaoundé VII. 24 échantillons d’eaux prélevés dans 6 sources (S1 à S6) et 2 puits (W1 et W2) ont été analysés suivant des méthodes normalisées.
Les températures relevées, proches de celle de l’air, révèlent le caractère libre des nappes étudiées.
Celles-ci subiraient l’influence directe des eaux d’infiltration. Les stations S1, W1 et W2 présentent des valeurs en nitrates supérieures à 50 mg/l (norme OMS).
La consommation de leurs eaux expose la population jeune à la méthémoglobinémie.
Contrairement aux recommandations de la norme camerounaise, les indicateurs de pollution fécale et les bactéries du genre Salmonella, ont été isolées dans les eaux analysées.
Une analyse en composante principale ainsi qu’un dendrogramme ont permis de classer les points d’échantillonnage, selon l’ordre croissant de pollution organique suivant : {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}.
Cependant, du point de vue pathogénique, S6, S3, S4, S5 sont les plus à craindre
Mots clés : Qualité des eaux, puits, sources, Yaoundé, risques sanitaires.
ABSTRACT
In Cameroon, access to drinking water supply systems in urban areas appears to be selective.
The populations located in the peripheral zone use wells and springs to satisfy their needs.
This study aims to assess the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater commonly used in some districts of Yaoundé VII. 24 water samples taken from 6 sources (S1 to S6) and 2 wells (W1 and W2) were analyzed according to standardized methods.
The temperatures recorded, close to that of the air, reveal the free nature of the aquifers studied which are directly influenced by the infiltration waters. Samples points S1, W1 and W2 presented concentration of nitrate above 50 mg/l (WHO standard).
The consumption of their waters exposes young people to methemoglobinemia.
On contrary to the recommendations of the cameroonian standard, the indicators of faecal pollution and bacteria of the genus Salmonella, were isolated in the waters analyzed.
A principal component analysis as well as a dendrogram permit to classify the sampling points, according to the
following increasing order of organic pollution: {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}. However, from a pathogenic point of view, S6, S3, S4, S5, are the most to be feared.
Keywords: Water quality, Dug wells, spring, Yaoundé, sanitary risks
This study accessed the efficiency and health risks of drinking water from different sources treated by filtration, boiling, chlorination, flocculation, and solar disinfection.
The microbial quality of 45 treated water samples from boreholes, wells, and pipe-borne water was analyzed to determine treatment effectiveness and to quantify risk using quantitative microbial risk assessment.
The effectiveness of each treatment method was a function of sampling sources (p , 0.05) and location (p , 0.10), chlorination and boiling being the most efficient methods (100%). Shiegella in well water samples treated by filtration and flocculation had the highest daily infection risk of 69.5 101 and 67.5
101 pppd.
The annual risk of infection from Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus ranged from 7.8 101 to 1.00 pppy, exceeding theU.S. EPA annual infection benchmark (104 pppy). Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus had the highest risk of illness of 4.50 101 , 3.30 101 , and 9.80 101 , respectively. All disease burden values exceeded the WHO disease burden benchmark (106 DALYs/
pppy), with Staphylococcus and Salmonella contributing the highest disease burden of 4.71 102 and 2.13 102 , DALYs/pppy.
Therefore, boiling and chlorination are the best disinfection methods for the pathogens tested.
Key words: disease burden, pathogens infection risk, quantitative microbial risk assessment, risk of illness, water treatment
The thirteenth issue of the African Water Association (AfWA) technical and bilingual magazine, Share Water, is now available. It provides solutions in terms of guidelines and tools likely to help manage the WASH businesses efficiently and mitigate the shortage of water supply, for improved access to sustainable water and sanitation services for all in Africa.
Among these solutions, the water safety plan (WSP) approach is widely recognized as the most reliable and effective way to consistently manage drinking-water supplies to safeguard public health. Since the introduction of WSPs in the third edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking water Quality (GDWQ) and the International Water Association (IWA) Bonn Charter for Safe Drinking Water in 2004, a significant number of water suppliers have implemented WSPs, and many governments are actively promoting their implementation and/or inclusion in national legislation.
Some benefits of WSP implementation include the promotion of public health by continuously assuring safer drinking-water for consumers, the setting up of a proactive (rather than reactive) framework for managing drinking water quality, the early identification of new/increased risks-incidents, the in-depth systematic evaluation of water systems, and much more…
Water borne disease has been a major global killer since time inmemorial. In 2019 an estimated 3.4 million people died of PREVENTABLE water borne infection. It’s why disinfection is so important. Chlorine Gas, Calcium Hypochlorite 65% HTH, On Site Electrolytic Chlorination, Chlorine Solution Mixing, Analysers, Ozone Disinfection, Ultra Violet Disinfection are various solutions delivered by EVOQUA for disinfecting large reservoirs or sterilizing large water supply.
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