Effectiveness and health risk assessment of drinking water from different sources treated by local household water treatment methods in Bamenda, CameroonAFWASA

Effectiveness and health risk assessment of drinking water from different sources treated by local household water treatment methods in Bamenda, Cameroon

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Effectiveness and health risk assessment of drinking water from different sources treated by local household water treatment methods in Bamenda, Cameroon

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This study accessed the efficiency and health risks of drinking water from different sources treated by filtration, boiling, chlorination, flocculation, and solar disinfection.

The microbial quality of 45 treated water samples from boreholes, wells, and pipe-borne water was analyzed to determine treatment effectiveness and to quantify risk using quantitative microbial risk assessment.

The effectiveness of each treatment method was a function of sampling sources (p , 0.05) and location (p , 0.10), chlorination and boiling being the most efficient methods (100%). Shiegella in well water samples treated by filtration and flocculation had the highest daily infection risk of 69.5  101 and 67.5 
101 pppd.

The annual risk of infection from Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus ranged from 7.8  101 to 1.00 pppy, exceeding theU.S. EPA annual infection benchmark (104 pppy). Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus had the highest risk of illness of 4.50  101 , 3.30  101 , and 9.80  101 , respectively. All disease burden values exceeded the WHO disease burden benchmark (106 DALYs/
pppy), with Staphylococcus and Salmonella contributing the highest disease burden of 4.71  102 and 2.13  102 , DALYs/pppy.

Therefore, boiling and chlorination are the best disinfection methods for the pathogens tested.

Key words: disease burden, pathogens infection risk, quantitative microbial risk assessment, risk of illness, water treatment

Share Water No. 13

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The thirteenth issue of the African Water Association (AfWA) technical and bilingual magazine, Share Water, is now available. It provides solutions in terms of guidelines and tools likely to help manage the WASH businesses efficiently and mitigate the shortage of water supply, for improved access to sustainable water and sanitation services for all in Africa.

Among these solutions, the water safety plan (WSP) approach is widely recognized as the most reliable and effective way to consistently manage drinking-water supplies to safeguard public health. Since the introduction of WSPs in the third edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking water Quality (GDWQ) and the International Water Association (IWA) Bonn Charter for Safe Drinking Water in 2004, a significant number of water suppliers have implemented WSPs, and many governments are actively promoting their implementation and/or inclusion in national legislation.

Some benefits of WSP implementation include the promotion of public health by continuously assuring safer drinking-water for consumers, the setting up of a proactive (rather than reactive) framework for managing drinking water quality, the early identification of new/increased risks-incidents, the in-depth systematic evaluation of water systems, and much more…

 

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Chlorination and safety : Overview

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Water borne disease has been a major global killer since time inmemorial. In 2019 an estimated 3.4 million people died of PREVENTABLE water borne infection. It’s why disinfection is so important. Chlorine Gas, Calcium Hypochlorite 65% HTH, On Site Electrolytic Chlorination, Chlorine Solution Mixing, Analysers, Ozone Disinfection, Ultra Violet Disinfection are various solutions delivered by EVOQUA for disinfecting large reservoirs or sterilizing large water supply.

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