Faecal Sludge Management Practices in Uganda: Challenges and OpportunitiesAFWASA

Faecal Sludge Management Practices in Uganda: Challenges and Opportunities

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Faecal Sludge Management Practices in Uganda: Challenges and Opportunities

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ABSTRACT

In the global sanitation challenges over the years, sustainable faecal sludge (FS) management has always featured siting Sub-Saharan Africa and developing countries as the most affected.

FS is currently being managed through conventional treatment plants, where it goes through a series of stages which include primary and secondary filters, sedimentation tanks, biological trickling filters, and secondary sedimentation tanks before being released into wetlands.

While in wetlands it undergoes further biological filtration to remove heavy metals and the remaining nutrients.

In Uganda, this system has been used since the 1970s.

However, it has faced various challenges, mostly due to the rapidly growing population, poor quality of FS, low FS collection efficiency due to inaccessibility in slum areas, and the long distances moved by trucks to access the treatment plants.

The objective of this review is to highlight the gaps in existing FS management practices, the level of involvement of the different stakeholders and their roles.

It also highlights the existing policies, and institutional frameworks with challenges and business opportunities that can be harnessed from FS.

The study employed a systematic review of literature through identifying, assessing and synthesizing relevant articles.

The findings indicate gaps in government partnerships with private sector and academic institutions.

Furthermore, there is increased informal participation of private sector in FSM, knowledge gaps among the public concerning FSM services.

In conclusion, the government needs to strengthen partnerships with all stakeholders in the FSM sector as well as increase community sensitization about FSM management.

Keywords: faecal sludge management; global sanitation; Uganda; nanoparticles; biochar; waste management

Management of Wastewater and Faecal Sludge in Southern AfricaAFWASA

Management of Wastewater and Faecal Sludge in Southern Africa

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Management of Wastewater and Faecal Sludge in Southern Africa

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Abstract:

This paper deals with the trends, legislative framework and current sludge management practices in southern Africa.

Recognising that a large percentage of the Southern African population is not serviced with full waterborne systems, a paper on the management of sludge in the region would not be complete without discussing the management of faecal sludge (FS) from on-site sanitation systems as well.

The first half of the paper focuses on the management of wastewater sludge from waterborne sewage systems.

The research papers from the region focus primarily on the impact of sludge application on land and agricultural use.

The wastewater sludge disposal practices and legislative trends in South Africa are discussed in detail including an overview of the technologies that are used to stabilise, dewater and dry the wastewater sludge.

The majority of plants in South Africa do not treat the sludge further than the traditional anaerobic digestion and activated sludge extended aeration.

Final disposal methods are still dominated by on-site disposal methods including direct land application (dedicated land disposal) and stockpiling of the sludge on site.

The second half of the paper focuses on the management of FS from on site sanitation systems.

The FS, which is often contaminated with domestic waste, originating from these on-site sanitation systems requires responsible handling and disposal.

The problems and challenges in FS management are highlighted as well as the recommended legislative trends.

Keywords: Faecal sludge; on-site sanitation; sewage sludge; southern Africa, wastewater sludge

Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Benefits and Revenue from ReuseAFWASA

Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Benefits and Revenue from Reuse

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Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Benefits and Revenue from Reuse

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Abstract

This article provides technology options for the treatment of Faecal Sludge (FS) in developing countries to minimize exposure to FS and assesses its benefits along with possible revenue generation from reuse. FS that is collected from septic tanks poses management challenges in urban areas of developing countries.

Currently, FS is dumped into the urban and peri-urban environment, posing great risks to the soil, surface water and groundwater quality. FS treatment technology usually consists of (1) primary treatment for the separation of the solid and liquid parts, and (2) sludge treatment, which is the final stage of treatment that is generated from the primary treatment.

A decision matrix was prepared on the basis of primary and sludge treatment technological options with respect to land requirement, energy requirement, skill requirement, capital cost (CAPEX), operating cost (OPEX) and groundwater level.

These parameters strongly influence the decision-making about the selection of the FS treatment technology.

The selection of a FS treatment technology for a city also depends on the local conditions and priorities of the region with regard to sanitation such as population coverage, environmental and health benefits, elimination of open defecation, etc.

Cost benefit analyses on different combinations of primary and sludge treatment technologies were conducted to analyse its techno-economic feasibility.

The analysis was conducted across different classes of cities with varying population size.

The combination of primary treatment technologies with lime stabilization sludge treatment technology emerged to be the most economically viable options for FS treatments across different population size in developing countries.

Keywords: Sanitation, Faecal Sludge, Technology, Decision Matrix, Benefits, Cost and Revenue

Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in AdétikopéAFWASA

Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé

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Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé

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Abstract: In African cities, the ever-increasing production of wastewater and excreta poses a major management problem. The aim of this study was to take stock of wastewater and excreta management in Adétikopé in the commune of Agoè-Nyivé 6.

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of the locality of Adétikopé in terms of wastewater and excreta management, which took place from August 2022 to July 2023.

It involved 5256 households in 12 villages in the locality of Adétikopé and was carried out via a field survey, interviews, observations and documentary research. The results showed that 72.60% of respondents were women.

The majority of households (85.62%) had latrines, 66.40% of which had never beenemptied. The remainder used a mechanical emptying truck (5.48%). Households without latrines (14.38%) defecate with neighbors (14.28%) in the open (66.67%) and in public latrines (19.05%).

The same applies to wastewater from cooking, washing and dishwashing, which is most often dumped on the public highway (78.77%).

Wastewater is a breeding ground for mosquitoes that cause malaria, which is the most common disease in the area. The results of this study show that wastewater and excreta are managed by most concessions in an unhealthy way and discharged into the environment.

It is important to step up public awareness campaigns on the harmful consequences of poor wastewater and excreta disposal.

Keywords: urban governance; sustainable development; wastewater management; Adétikopé; Togo

School water, sanitation, and hygiene inequalities: a bane of sustainable development goal six in NigeriaAFWASA

School water, sanitation, and hygiene inequalities: a bane of sustainable development goal six in Nigeria

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School water, sanitation, and hygiene inequalities: a bane of sustainable development goal six in Nigeria

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The importance of school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal  targets 6.1 and 6.2 in developing countries cannot be overemphasized.

However, widespread WASH inequalities remain an impediment to achieving the targets by 2030.

Hence, this study was conducted to examine current school-WASH disparities among public and private schools in a low-income Nigerian community using mixed methods.

 

ENJEUX DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES BOUES DE VIDANGE EN COTE D’IVOIRE : CAS DE LA COMMUNE DE KORHOGOAAEA

ENJEUX DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES BOUES DE VIDANGE EN COTE D’IVOIRE : CAS DE LA COMMUNE DE KORHOGO

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ENJEUX DE LA GESTION DURABLE DES BOUES DE VIDANGE EN COTE D’IVOIRE : CAS DE LA COMMUNE DE KORHOGO,

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La gestion des boues de vidange en milieu urbain continue d’être un véritable problème dans plusieurs communes de Côte d’ivoire et en particulier dans la commune de Korhogo.

Les ménages peinent à se construire des ouvrages d’assainissements autonomes appropriés (latrines conventionnelles) et à évacuer les déchets liquides de manière durable.

Leurs toilettes sont le plus souvent raccordées à des caniveaux publics et par endroit leurs contenus sont déversés à l’air libre, en pleine rue.

Une telle situation participe à la dégradation de l’environnement et
cause la propagation de maladies.

L’objectif général de notre étude est de déterminer les entraves liées à la gestion durable des boues de vidange dans la commune de Korhogo.

Ainsi, pour mener à bien cette étude, nous nous sommes inscrits dans une approche mixte (qualitative et quantitative).

Les résultats de notre étude ont révélé que la gestion durable des boues de vidange dans la commune de Korhogo est déterminée par le niveau d’instruction et de revenu des ménages ; le déficit de sensibilisation des populations ; la faible implication de l’Etat ; l’inorganisation des vidangeurs privés ; l’inaccessibilité des routes dans les
quartiers ; l’insuffisance d’équipements et de moyens financiers.

Mots clés : Gestion durable, Boues de vidange, Environnement, Ménage, Korhogo.

 

CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE: CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF KORHOGO

Abstract

The management of sewage sludge in urban areas continues to be a real problem in several municipalities of Côte d’Ivoire and in particular in the municipality of Korhogo.

Households are struggling to build appropriate autonomous sanitation facilities (conventional latrines) and to dispose of liquid waste in a sustainable way.

Their toilets are most often connected to public gutters and by law their contents are dumped in the air, in the street. Such a situation contributes to environmental degradation and promotes the spread of deadly diseases.

The general objective of our study is to determine the obstacles related to
the sustainable management of sewage sludge in the municipality of Korhogo.
Thus, to carry out this study, we have subscribed to a mixed approach (qualitative
and quantitative).

The results of our survey revealed that the sustainable management of faecal sludge in the municipality of Korhogo is determined by the level of education and income of households; the lack of awareness among the population; the low involvement of the State; the inorganization of private drainers; the inaccessibility of roads in neighbourhoods; insufficient equipment and financial resources.

Keywords: Sustainable management, Sewage sludge, Environment, Household,
Korhogo

Water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and ZambiaAFWASA

Water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia

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Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparitie.

Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa.

In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia.

Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing.

We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing.

Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls.

Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin).

The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.

Keywords: Water, sanitation,  hygiene in schools, Status  implications of low coverage  Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia

 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463916305594

Problématique de l’Eau et de l’Hygiène de Latrines dans les Ecoles Officielles de la Commune Kasuku à Kindu (RD Congo)AAEA

Problématique de l’Eau et de l’Hygiène de Latrines dans les Ecoles Officielles de la Commune Kasuku à Kindu (RD Congo)

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Problématique de l’Eau et de l’Hygiène de Latrines dans les Ecoles Officielles de la Commune Kasuku à Kindu (RD Congo)

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La présente étude a permis d’évaluer d’une part la provenance de l’eau consommée par les acteurs de l’enseignement et d’autre part les conditions hygiéniques des latrines dans les écoles officielles de la commune de Kasuku dans la ville de Kindu. Les enquêtes de latrines ont été réalisées auprès de différents enquêtés soit 60 élèves et 10 administratifs sélectionnés aléatoirement dans 16 écoles.

Ainsi, 81% des élèves ont reconnu que l’eau consommée dans leurs écoles provient soit d’une source aménagée soit de la Régidéso.

A 70% des latrines scolaires ne sont pas utilisées par les élèves, le manque d’entretien ou de nettoyage était la raison majeure.

Cette situation est en défaveur de l’environnement propice à la santé et constitue donc un réel problème de santé publique qui doit faire l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part de tous les animateurs de l’enseignement et de la santé, attention sans laquelle le rendement scolaire risque d’en pâtir.

Mots-clés – Problématique de l’Eau, l’Hygiène de Latrines, Ecoles Officielles, Commune Kasuku à Kindu (RD Congo).

 

Abstract – The present study made it possible to evaluate on the one hand the source of the water consumed by the actors of teaching and on the other hand the hygienic conditions of the latrines in the official schools of the commune of Kasuku in the town of Kindu.

The investigations of latrines were carried out near various inquired either 60 pupils and 10 administrative selected by chance in 16 schools.

Thus, 81% of the pupils recognized that the water consumed in their schools comes either from an arranged source or of Régidéso.

To 70% of the school latrines are not used by the pupils, the lack of maintenance or of cleaning was the imperative reason.

This situation is in discredit of the environment favourable with health and thus constitutes a real problem of public health which must be the subject of a detailed attention on behalf of all the organizers of teaching and health, attention without which the school output is likely to suffer from it.

KEYWORDS:  Water Issues, Latrine Hygiene, Official Schools, Kasuku Commune in Kindu (DR Congo).

ENJEUX ET PRATIQUES DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT EN AFRIQUE SUB-SAHARIENNEAAEA

ENJEUX ET PRATIQUES DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT EN AFRIQUE SUB-SAHARIENNE

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ENJEUX ET PRATIQUES DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT EN AFRIQUE SUB-SAHARIENNE

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Cet article a comme objectif de donner un bref aperçu de l’état de l’assainissement en Afrique de l’Ouest et de présenter quelques chiffres issus d’une étude réalisée sur trois grandes villes du sous-continent.

Relever le défi de l'assainissement en Afrique, une composante clé de la gestion des ressources en eauAAEA

Relever le défi de l’assainissement en Afrique, une composante clé de la gestion des ressources en eau

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Relever le défi de l’assainissement en Afrique, une composante clé de la gestion des ressources en eau

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Le présent article se focalise tout particulièrement sur le service d’assainissement des excréta et des eaux usées domestiques, qui sont au cœur de l’OMD relatif à l’assainissement.

L’assainissement des eaux usées artisanales et industrielles et l’évacuation des eaux pluviales qui constituent également des problématiques spécifiques et essentielles dans les zones urbaines y seront moins directement abordés.

On considérera comme « services d’assainissement » les politiques et stratégies d’accès à tout dispositif d’assainissement qu’il soit collectif ou individuel.