Les programmes d’assainissement souterrain : l’expérience de Tamil Nadu

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Pour répondre aux exigences d’une urbanisation rapide, le gouvernement de Tamil Nadu (GoTN) a mis la priorité sur la mise en œuvre de programmes d’assainissement souterrain (PAS) dans toutes les collectivités locales urbaines (CLU) qui en ont besoin, à travers différents programmes financiers, et ce de manière progressive. Le gouvernement du Tamil Nadu s’est efforcé d’atteindre le « dernier kilomètre » avec un assainissement et une hygiène adéquate et équitable dans les CLU de Tamil Nadu. Le présent article vise à mieux faire comprendre les facteurs sous-jacents et les initiatives prises par le gouvernement de Tamil Nadu pour assurer la connectivité du PAS au dernier kilomètre au sein de l’État.

En effet, dans un État comme Tamil Nadu (TN), l’assainissement est essentiel pour améliorer la qualité de vie, la santé et la productivité. À cet égard, le gouvernement de Tamil Nadu a pris des initiatives pour la mise en œuvre du PAS et la gestion des boues de vidange (GBV) de manière progressive afin d’atteindre le dernier kilomètre avec un assainissement adéquat dans les CLU de Tamil Nadu, principalement déclinées en trois étapes et détaillées dans l’article complet ci-joint : i) de 2000 à 2008 ; ii) de 2008 à 2017 ; iii) de 2018 à aujourd’hui.

En dehors des initiatives de soutien financier aux ménages, des programmes d’information, d’éducation et de communication (IEC) ont également été menés dans différentes parties de l’État afin d’éduquer les ménages à se raccorder pour éviter l’évacuation directe des eaux usées dans les égouts pluviaux ou sur les terres avoisinantes.

Pour les CLU qui ne sont pas couverts par le programme de mise en œuvre du PAS, un plan distinct a été préparé sur la gestion de l’assainissement en toute sécurité au sein de l’État. La chronologie du cadre juridique et réglementaire lié aux initiatives GBV est déclinée dans l’article complet disponible ici.

L’utilisation de dépôts pour les raccordements aux réseaux d’approvisionnement en eau et d’assainissement, de prêts sans intérêt et de taxes à Tamil Nadu suggère que la durabilité à long terme des systèmes d’assainissement peut être obtenue grâce à un engagement politique, à une évaluation efficace des projets et à la participation des citoyens. Les efforts déployés par le gouvernement de Tamil Nadu sur la connectivité du dernier kilomètre au PAS peuvent être pris comme référence par d’autres États pour améliorer le dernier kilomètre avec un assainissement inclusif. Le principal enseignement tiré de la mise en œuvre du PAS est que la sélection des villes pour la mise en œuvre doit être basée davantage sur la demande du public, leur capacité à rembourser le montant du prêt et la capacité financière de la collectivité locale urbaine, que sur la préparation du DPR pour le projet.

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2017 Quarter 1 Progress of SSD Project

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Sanitation Service Delivery (SSD) aims to increase the use of sanitation and safe disposal of fecal waste by influencing the region’s sector to create a more effective, efficient and inclusive market for the urban poor in Benin, Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana.

Market Constraints

An urban sanitation market landscape analysis was completed in the three countries. This analysis identified the causes of market failures and intervention areas that would deliver the greatest impacts. During this analysis, a team assessed existing sanitation products and services, visited markets, and conducted interviews with producers, sales staff, and consumers. This was essential to gaining an understanding of market actors’ roles, expectations, incentives, behaviors, and financing options, and chokepoints in the supply chain. The following market constraints were identified in all three countries:

  • Sanitation products perceived as expensive by low-income consumers;
  • Lack of local manufacturing and installation capacity;
  • Lack of affordable options for fecal sludge collection and storage;
  • Mistrust between consumers and service providers, and lack of standards to influence performance;
  • Low capacity of vacuum truck operators (VTOs) to completely empty tanks;
  • Lack of finance for new VTO equipment; and,
  • VTOs not earning sufficient margins.

Prototyping Improvements

In order to address these key market failures and create a more efficient, inclusive sanitation market for the urban poor, product and service delivery improvements were prototyped in Year 2. Prototypes included prefabricated septic tanks in Cote d’Ivoire; improved pit latrines in Benin; landlord finance models in Cote d’Ivoire and Benin; and interactive call centers to help optimize the work of VTOs. The team was also involved with the development of finance mechanisms to help business start-ups for entrepreneurs building toilets; the innovation of new sanitation technologies and services; and actionable learning to influence policy and practice at scale. The benefits of strengthening the enabling environment through better collaboration with the private sector and the development of regulatory frameworks has been advocated to municipal and national governments throughout the project.

Private Sector Scale-up

After testing these prototypes and service models, the team is now working with private sector entities, such as concrete manufactures and VTOs, to develop scale-up strategies for the prefabricated septic tanks in Cote d’Ivoire and offset pit latrines with SaTo pans in Benin. In Cote d’Ivoire and Benin, a call center is also being developed to improve the quality and reduce the cost of mechanized septic tank emptying. To accelerate toilet sales in Ghana, sales agents and artisans are being trained and community marketing events are being held. Ghanaian private sector entities are also helping the team introduce the pre-fabricated septic tanks that will be scaled-up in Cote d’Ivoire. In Kumasi, Ghana, the Clean Team is testing a mobile money model to reduce operations cost and increase profitability with support from SSD.

Recent Program Highlights

  • Installation of first on-site pilot septic tank in Yopougon, Cote d’Ivoire using ferro-cement. Ferro-cement is a system of reinforced mortar applied over a layer of metal mesh attached to a grid of 6mm rebar. This technique creates a strong and light structure.
  • GIS mapping of the latrine toilet and septic tank supply chains in the project districts of Cote d’Ivoire and Benin. This mapping facilitates an understanding of service provider distribution, which can be used to improve service coverage. When a gap is identified, such as if a concrete ring manufacturer is not located nearby, a local business is identified to fill the gap to minimize transportation costs.
  • Implementation of pit latrines pilot phase using the SaTo pan as a user interface in 25 households in Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
  • During the workshops with Ghanaian WASH sector stakeholders, it was recommended that more builders, craftsmen, and entrepreneurs should be recruited and trained. Addressing the insufficient number of skilled artisans in the market would improve program implementation.

SSD is a five-year, $15.8 million USAID/West African regional urban sanitation project launched in October 2014. SSD is implemented by Population Services International in collaboration with PATH and Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor. Check out their recent progress on their Facebook page.

The African Water Association (AfWA) and the SSD Program are working to improve the quality of water and sanitation in West Africa

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It is now done: the AfriCap program of AfWA and Sanitation Service Delivery program of PSI have officially started. These are two programs funded by the West Africa Regional Office of the US Agency for International Development (USAID-WA). The Africap program will enable AfWA to reinforce its capacities to better fulfill its missions, promote knowledge sharing and improve water quality by strengthening the capacities of the laboratories. The second program, SSD, piloted by Population Service International, will provide basic sanitation services to households in distress.

 

This presentation ceremony marking the official start of these two programs took place on Friday, December 9, 2016 in Abidjan and brought together several personalities from the water and sanitation sector, as well as technical partners and donors.

 

Opening a series of addresses, Mr. Sylvain USHER, the Executive Director of the African Water Association, presented the objectives pursued by his organization before pointing out the urgency of granting substantial funding to the water and sanitation sector, whose impacts on public health are often disastrous if water resources are not properly treated. With the support of his country to the African continent, the representative of the USAID Office in Côte d’Ivoire, Jeff Bryan, recalled that the United States is investing significant resources in development programs such as AfriCap and SSD to strengthen support to the countries in the sub-region in achieving their national development goals. To further inform the audience on these two different programs, the respective coordinators, Giles Djagoun on behalf of AfriCap, Capacity Building Programs of AfWA, and Serge Milord Seiba on behalf of the SSD Program of PSI, in turn, presented their objectives, missions, targets and expectations.

 

Mr. Tape Zékré, Special Adviser on Sanitation Issues, welcomed and encouraged the joint initiative of AfWA and PSI on behalf of the Minister for Urban Sanitation and Urban Waste Management of Côte d’Ivoire, Anne Désiré OULOTO. He also indicated that the Government is ready to support these various programs, whose results, in the long-run, will contribute to improving water quality and sanitation services for the populations in the sub-region in general and in Cote d’Ivoire in particular.