THE STATE OF WATER SUPPLY IN LOWER AND UPPER BASIC SCHOOLS IN REGION ONE EDUCATION DIRECTORATE: THE GAMBIAAFWASA

THE STATE OF WATER SUPPLY IN LOWER AND UPPER BASIC SCHOOLS IN REGION ONE EDUCATION DIRECTORATE: THE GAMBIA

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THE STATE OF WATER SUPPLY IN LOWER AND UPPER BASIC SCHOOLS IN REGION ONE EDUCATION DIRECTORATE: THE GAMBIA

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ABSTRACT

This research investigates the challenges and implications related to access to clean and safe water in schools in Region One
education directorate, employing a mixed-methods approach.

The study incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, utilizing a questionnaire administered through
face-to-face interviews with headteachers or their representatives, and qualitative data gathered through an inspection checklist.

The sample size of 74 schools was determined using Slovin’s formula.

Findings indicate that a significant number of schools face inadequate water supply from NAWEC, highlighting challenges in
accessing clean and sufficient water.

Quantitative data from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.

The research offers a comprehensive understanding of the water supply situation in Region One schools, identifying key concerns and
potential areas for improvement.

Keywords: Water supply; Access to water; Adequate; water supply, School.

Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l'extrême- nord du CamerounAAEA

Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun

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Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun

 

Résumé

La plaine d’inondation du Logone dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun, comme la plupart des zones humides tropicales, joue un rôle important dans le système écologique régional et même international.

A la suite des travaux d’aménagement entrepris dans le cadre d’un projet hydro-agricole, les inondations annuelles de cette plaine ont considérablement diminué, ce qui a profondément perturbé ses fonctions naturelles.

Cette situation est aggravée par la baisse généralisée de la pluviométrie enregistrée dans la région du Sahel au cours des deux dernières décennies.

Des études ont été entreprises sur le terrain depuis 1994 en vue de la réhabilitation des inondations et de la biodiversité dans la plaine.

Les premiers résultats enregistrés ont mis en évidence certaines insuffisances du Projet hydro-agricole dont la prise en considération dès le départ auraient permis d’éviter certaines conséquences négatives sur l’environnement.

 

LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCEAAEA

LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCE

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LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCE

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RESUME

Le Maroc est confronté à un stress hydrique sans précédent en raison du changement climatique, de la faible précipitation, de l’explosion de la demande et de la répartition inégale des ressources en eau à travers le pays.

Les réserves d’eau des barrages, qui étaient autrefois cruciales pour atténuer ces problèmes, sont actuellement dans une situation
préoccupante. Malgré les mesures prises, telles que la construction de barrages, les ressources en eau du Maroc ont diminué de manière significative, entraînant une situation de stress hydrique structurel.

La crise hydrique affecte la sécurité alimentaire, la paix sociale et les activités économiques du pays.

Face à ces défis, il est crucial d’évaluer la situation hydrique nationale, de reconnaître les limites des politiques publiques existantes et de proposer des solutions pour améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau.

Cet article vise à contribuer au débat public et académique sur la question de l’eau au Maroc en fournissant une analyse approfondie et des recommandations éclairées afin de promouvoir une prise de conscience auprès des décideurs et du grand public quant à l’importance cruciale de la gestion de l’eau dans le pays, en vue de favoriser une transition vers un nouveau modèle de gouvernance.

Mots clés : Gouvernance, politique barragiste, réserve hydraulique, la sécurité hydrique, infrastructure hydraulique.

 

ABSTRACT

Morocco is facing an unprecedented water stress due to climate change, low precipitation, increased demand, and unequal
distribution of water resources across the country.

The water reserves in dams, which were once crucial in mitigating these issues, are currently in a concerning state.

Despite measures taken, such as dam construction, Morocco’s water resources have significantly decreased, leading to a state of structural
water stress.

The water crisis is impacting food security, social peace, and economic activities in the country.

In light of these challenges, it is crucial to assess the national water situation, acknowledge the limitations of existing public policies, and propose solutions to enhance water governance.

This article aims to contribute to the public and academic debate on the issue of water in Morocco by providing in-depth analysis and informed recommendations to promote awareness among decision-makers and the general public about the crucial importance of
water management in the country, with the goal of facilitating a transition towards a new governance model.

Keywords: Governance, water policy, hydraulic reserves, water security, hydraulic

NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTAFWASA

NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

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NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

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ABSTRACT

Effective management of a country’s water resources contributes toward its sustainable development.

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of Nigeria’s surface and underground water sources alongside agencies charged with functions covering all facets in water resources development and management.

Nigeria consists of three broad agro ecological zones; the northern Sudan Savannah, the Guinea Savannah and the southern rainforest spread across eight hydrological areas for the purpose of water resources management.

The Federal Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for large water resources development projects and water allocation between states; comprising of sixteen (16) parastatals and agencies made up of twelve (12) River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs), Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC), Gurara Water Management Authority (GWMA), and the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI).

The country has four river drainage systems and 264 dams.

Recent studies of Nigerian water reserves (surface and groundwater sources) indicated that there are large supplies, and the country has surface and groundwater resources potentials of 267.3BCM and 51.9BCM
respectively.

 

Keywords: Nigeria, water resources, development ecological,  hydrological

Review of Ghana’s water resources: the quality and management with particular focus on freshwater resourcesAFWASA

Review of Ghana’s water resources: the quality and management with particular focus on freshwater resources

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Review of Ghana’s water resources: the quality and management with particular focus on freshwater resources

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Abstract
Freshwater resources are continually decreasing in quality and quantity. Approximately, 1% of this freshwater is accessible in lakes, river channels and underground for domestic use.

The study reviewed literature on water resources with focus on freshwater, the quality of our freshwater in terms of physical, chemical and biological variables, the main mechanisms of management, and the challenges associated with these mechanisms as well as blending integrated water management with the indigenous or traditional management of water resources for sustainable development and peaceful co-existence.

Also the review offered potent recommendations for policy makers to consider sustainable management of freshwater resources.

A total of 95 articles were downloaded from Google scholar in water-related issues.

The search took place from June to September 2017, and research articles from 1998 to 2018 were reviewed.

Basically Ghana is made up of three discharge or outlet systems, namely the Coastal River Systems which is the least and Volta constituting the largest and with the South-Western been the intermediate.

Also, freshwater resources usage can be put into two main categories, namely ex situ (withdrawal use) and in situ or in-stream use, and could also be referred to as the consumptive and non-consumptive use, respectively. With the exception of localised pollution engineered by illegal mining and other nuisance perpetuated by indigenes, the quality of water (surface and groundwater) in Ghana is generally better.

The review outlined high microbial contamination of water as almost all surface waters are contaminated with either E. coli, faecal coliforms or total coliforms or all. However, these contaminations were more prevalent in surface water than groundwater.

Keywords Freshwater · Ghana · IWRM · Water quality · Water use

A REVIEW OF LIBERIA’S WATER RESOURCES: THE QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON FRESHWATER RESOURCESAFWASA

A REVIEW OF LIBERIA’S WATER RESOURCES: THE QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON FRESHWATER RESOURCES

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A REVIEW OF LIBERIA’S WATER RESOURCES: THE QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON FRESHWATER RESOURCES

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Abstract – Water quality is a major concern for humanity since it is closely linked to human well-being.

Freshwater resources are under increasing pressure in many parts of the world due to overuse and contamination from human
activities. Liberia’s situation is no exception.

This study attempts to investigate freshwater quality in Liberia and to identify freshwater resources management mechanisms and challenges associated with these mechanisms.

The methodology used was based on a documentary review in which secondary data was gathered through visiting online
libraries and reading published research papers and various books.

The data from those separate sources were compared and analyzed. Owing to the lack of primary data, no statistical software was employed for the analysis.

Findings from existing studies on the quality of freshwater resources showed that the quality has reduced over the past
years and as such it is not at an optimal level, the quality of freshwater has been affected mostly by Coliform bacteria contamination, heavy metal contamination, and fecal indicator bacteria.

These contaminations can be attributed to inadequate sanitation systems, flooding, mining activities, and the fast-developing agro industrial sector.

Freshwater resources are being managed through a traditional water management system. Water quality management tasks are
shared among several institutions.

This mechanism allows total involvement of the line Ministries in addressing water quality and management.

However, population growth in urban areas, the inadequacy of human resources capacities, and uncontrolled disposal of waste and water activities fragmented amongst ministries and institutions are challenges associated with freshwater management.

There is a need for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of freshwater resources, particularly the physical, chemical,
and biological variables is needed, an establishment of a proper sanitation system as well as establishing a single institution for the purpose of handling freshwater management.

Key Words: (freshwater, quality, management, surface water, groundwater, coliform, heavy metals)

GOUVERNANCE « NON SOUVERAINE » ET RÉGULATION DES SERVICES DE L'EAU À MONROVIA (LIBERIA)AAEA

GOUVERNANCE « NON SOUVERAINE » ET RÉGULATION DES SERVICES DE L’EAU À MONROVIA (LIBERIA)

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GOUVERNANCE « NON SOUVERAINE » ET RÉGULATION DES SERVICES DE L’EAU À MONROVIA (LIBERIA)

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Dans cet article, on s’interroge sur la viabilité des modes de gouvernance « non souverains » ayant émergé à Monrovia (Liberia) suite aux processus de restructuration et de rationalisation de l’approvisionnement en eau.

On montre que la diversité des situations technico territoriales repérée au sein du tissu urbain appelle une régulation renouvelée des services de l’eau afin de répondre à la variété des objectifs (équité, efficacité, légitimité) affichée dans les politiques mises en œuvre.

On esquisse pour finir des pistes de recherche afin de consolider théoriquement une telle approche.

Mots clés : Services de l’eau urbains, Monrovia, acteurs non souverains, régulation sectorielle et socio spatiale.

 

VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLEAAEA

VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLE

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VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLE

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RESUME

La Guinée a un potentiel hydrologique riche et diversifié.

Plusieurs cours d’eau de la sous-région y prennent leur source.

Le réseau hydrographique comprend 1161 cours d’eau, regroupés en 23 bassins versants.

Le pays compte 14 fleuves internationaux y compris le fleuve Niger dont le bassin est partagé par neuf pays de la sous-région.

Malheureusement les ressources en eau sont aujourd’hui menacées par des actions anthropiques de diverses origines (agriculture
extensive, exploitation minière à ciel ouvert, pêche illicite, feux de brousse, confection de briques cuites le long des cours d’eau, etc.) et par les effets néfastes du changement climatique.

Aussi, les aspects institutionnels et juridiques sont peu favorables à une gestion durable des ressources en eau.

L’impact du manque d’eau se fera sentir sur toutes les activités socio-économiques, particulièrement sur le secteur de l’agriculture, principal utilisateur de l’eau dans le pays.

Les sècheresses et les inondations récurrentes ont entraîné une baisse des disponibilités alimentaires en céréales.

Le pays est doté d’une grande potentialité hydroélectrique (6000 MW), malheureusement, seuls 6% sont mis en valeur.

Pour honorer ses engagements internationaux dans le cadre de la réduction de ses émissions du gaz à effet de serre, le pays compte d’ici 2030, quintupler sa production en hydroélectricité qui constitue une énergie propre.

Le secteur de l’approvisionnement en eau potable reste confronté à la faible capacité de production et de traitement de l’eau.

La gestion des ressources en eau dans le pays repose sur des plans généraux d’Aménagements Hydrauliques de 1978 et 1982.

Toutefois, le pays cherche à se doter d’une politique nationale de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) et l’élaboration d’un plan d’action privilégiant la prise en compte de la coopération en matière de bassins versants partagés.

Mots clés : potentiel, hydrologie, réseau, hydrographie, fleuve, Niger, bassin, ressources, eau, anthropiques, changement climatique,
gestion, durable, ressources, potentialité, hydroélectricité, socio économie.

 

SUMMARY

The Republic of Guinea has a rich and diversified hydrological potential. Several rivers in the sub Valorisation des ressources en eau en Guinée en vue d’un développement économique et social durable 107 region have their source.

The hydrographic network comprises 1161 rivers, grouped into 23 watersheds.

The country has 14 international rivers, including the Niger River, whose basin is shared by nine countries.

Unfortunately, water resources are now threatened by anthropogenic activities of diverse origins (extensive agriculture, open-pit mining,
illegal fishing, bush fires, making cooked bricks along streams, etc.) and the adverse effects of climate change.

Moreover, the institutional and legal aspects are not conducive to the sustainable management of water resources.

The impact of water shortage will be felt on all socio-economic activities.

The agriculture sector is the main user of water in the country, droughts and recurrent floods have led to a decline in cereal
food supplies.

The country has a high hydroelectric potential (6,000 MW), unfortunately, only 6% of its potential is used.

In order to meet its international commitments to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, by 2030, the country will have to
quintuple its hydroelectric production, which constitutes clean energy.

The drinking water supply sector remains confronted with the low capacity of production and treatment of water.

The management of water resources in the country is based on general plans for water development elaborated between 1978 and 1982.

However, the country seeks to have a national policy for integrated water resources management and development of an action plan focusing on taking into account cooperation on shared watersheds.

Keywords: Potential, hydrology, network, hydrography, river, Niger, watershed, resources, water, anthropogenic, climate change,
management, Sustainable, resources, potentiality, hydropower, socio-economic.

 

Well Water Quality and Public Health Implications: the Case of Four Neighbourhoods of the City of Douala CameroonAFWASA

Well Water Quality and Public Health Implications: the Case of Four Neighbourhoods of the City of Douala Cameroon

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Well Water Quality and Public Health Implications: the Case of Four Neighbourhoods of the City of Douala Cameroon

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Abstract

This paper analyses the quality of well water and population susceptibility to cholera outbreaks with respect to income levels in some neighbourhoods of the city of Douala Cameroon.

Well water quality is degraded by faecal coliforms, this enhances out breaks of diarrhoeal diseases (cholera).

Generally, the population is dominated by the poor who cannot afford pipe borne water, they resort to contaminated wells.

To verify population perceptions of poverty and susceptibility to cholera, one hundred questionnaires were administered.

To determine the presence of faecal coliforms in well water, forty well water samples were collected from the neighbourhoods.

The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data while the water samples were subjected to microbiological analysis.

The results show that, the presence of bacterial agents like vibrio cholerea, sucrose fermenting and non sucrose fermenting organisms in well water poses great health threats in the study
area.

Keywords: Faecal coliforms, Gram staining, Poverty, Vibrio Cholerae, Water quality, Wells

PROBLÉMATIQUE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE DANS LA VILLE SAHÉLIENNE DE GAROUA (NORD-CAMEROUN)AAEA

PROBLÉMATIQUE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE DANS LA VILLE SAHÉLIENNE DE GAROUA (NORD-CAMEROUN)

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PROBLÉMATIQUE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE DANS LA VILLE SAHÉLIENNE DE GAROUA (NORD-CAMEROUN)

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Résumé

Cette étude découle des multiples difficultés que rencontrent les populations de la ville de Garoua dans leur approvisionnement quotidien en eau potable.

Elle a pour objectif d’identifier et d’analyser ces difficultés afin d’orienter les actions des décideurs politiques.

Pour mener à bien ce travail, une méthodologie tripartite a été appliquée.

D’abord une exploitation méthodique des documents issus des bibliothèques et sur internet.

Ensuite, des entretiens semi structurés avec les responsables de la Communauté Urbaine et de la CAMWATER de Garoua ont été effectués. Enfin, ces entretiens ont été complétés par une enquête auprès des ménages de la ville de Garoua.

C’est ainsi que 172 ménages tirés de manière aléatoire ont été enquêtés.

Les résultats montrent que les sources d’approvisionnement en eau sont diversifiées dans la ville de Garoua.

Par ordre d’importance, on note l’existence des livreurs d’eau à domicile appelé « Maïroua », des forages, du réseau public, des bornes fontaines, des puits, des cours d’eau et des canaris.

Les ménages pauvres pour la majorité, en s’approvisionnant chez les Maïroua, dépensent 7 fois plus que ceux disposant d’un branchement à la CAMWATER.

De plus, les populations se plaignent du coût élevé de l’eau, des grandes distances à parcourir pour atteindre le point d’eau le plus proche, des pénuries et de l’insuffisance des points d’eau collectifs.

Les faibles quantités d’eau présentent dans les puits tarissent toutes en saison sèche, amenant ainsi les populations à utiliser les eaux issues des mayos (cours d’eau).

Mots clés : approvisionnement en eau, eau potable, Garoua, ville sahélienne.

 

Abstract

This study stems from the many difficulties encountered by the populations of the city of Garoua in their daily supply of drinking water.

Its objective is to identify and analyse these difficulties in order to guide the actions of policy makers.

To carry out this work, a tripartite methodology was applied.

First, a methodical exploitation of documents from libraries and the Internet. Secondly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials Urban Community and CAMWATER of Garoua.

Finally, these interviews were complemented by a household survey in the city of Garoua.

Thus, 172 randomly selected households were surveyed.

The results show that the sources of water supply are diversified in the city of Garoua.

In order of importance, there are home-based water deliverers called ‘Maïroua’, boreholes, the public network, standpipes, wells, streams and canaries.

The majority of poor households, when buying water from the Maïroua, spend 7 times more than those with a CAMWATER connection.

In addition, people complain about the high cost of water, the long distances to the nearest water point, shortages and
the lack of communal water points.

The small amounts of water in the wells all dry up in the dry season, leading people to use water from the mayos (rivers).

Key words: water supply, drinking water, Garoua, Sahelian city.