Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l'extrême- nord du CamerounAAEA

Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun

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Gestion des ressources en eau et développement durable. Un exemple dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun

 

Résumé

La plaine d’inondation du Logone dans la Province de l’extrême- nord du Cameroun, comme la plupart des zones humides tropicales, joue un rôle important dans le système écologique régional et même international.

A la suite des travaux d’aménagement entrepris dans le cadre d’un projet hydro-agricole, les inondations annuelles de cette plaine ont considérablement diminué, ce qui a profondément perturbé ses fonctions naturelles.

Cette situation est aggravée par la baisse généralisée de la pluviométrie enregistrée dans la région du Sahel au cours des deux dernières décennies.

Des études ont été entreprises sur le terrain depuis 1994 en vue de la réhabilitation des inondations et de la biodiversité dans la plaine.

Les premiers résultats enregistrés ont mis en évidence certaines insuffisances du Projet hydro-agricole dont la prise en considération dès le départ auraient permis d’éviter certaines conséquences négatives sur l’environnement.

 

LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCEAAEA

LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCE

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LA GESTION DE L’EAU AU MAROC: VERS UN NOUVEAU MODE DE GOUVERNANCE

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RESUME

Le Maroc est confronté à un stress hydrique sans précédent en raison du changement climatique, de la faible précipitation, de l’explosion de la demande et de la répartition inégale des ressources en eau à travers le pays.

Les réserves d’eau des barrages, qui étaient autrefois cruciales pour atténuer ces problèmes, sont actuellement dans une situation
préoccupante. Malgré les mesures prises, telles que la construction de barrages, les ressources en eau du Maroc ont diminué de manière significative, entraînant une situation de stress hydrique structurel.

La crise hydrique affecte la sécurité alimentaire, la paix sociale et les activités économiques du pays.

Face à ces défis, il est crucial d’évaluer la situation hydrique nationale, de reconnaître les limites des politiques publiques existantes et de proposer des solutions pour améliorer la gouvernance de l’eau.

Cet article vise à contribuer au débat public et académique sur la question de l’eau au Maroc en fournissant une analyse approfondie et des recommandations éclairées afin de promouvoir une prise de conscience auprès des décideurs et du grand public quant à l’importance cruciale de la gestion de l’eau dans le pays, en vue de favoriser une transition vers un nouveau modèle de gouvernance.

Mots clés : Gouvernance, politique barragiste, réserve hydraulique, la sécurité hydrique, infrastructure hydraulique.

 

ABSTRACT

Morocco is facing an unprecedented water stress due to climate change, low precipitation, increased demand, and unequal
distribution of water resources across the country.

The water reserves in dams, which were once crucial in mitigating these issues, are currently in a concerning state.

Despite measures taken, such as dam construction, Morocco’s water resources have significantly decreased, leading to a state of structural
water stress.

The water crisis is impacting food security, social peace, and economic activities in the country.

In light of these challenges, it is crucial to assess the national water situation, acknowledge the limitations of existing public policies, and propose solutions to enhance water governance.

This article aims to contribute to the public and academic debate on the issue of water in Morocco by providing in-depth analysis and informed recommendations to promote awareness among decision-makers and the general public about the crucial importance of
water management in the country, with the goal of facilitating a transition towards a new governance model.

Keywords: Governance, water policy, hydraulic reserves, water security, hydraulic

NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTAFWASA

NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

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NIGERIAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

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ABSTRACT

Effective management of a country’s water resources contributes toward its sustainable development.

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of Nigeria’s surface and underground water sources alongside agencies charged with functions covering all facets in water resources development and management.

Nigeria consists of three broad agro ecological zones; the northern Sudan Savannah, the Guinea Savannah and the southern rainforest spread across eight hydrological areas for the purpose of water resources management.

The Federal Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for large water resources development projects and water allocation between states; comprising of sixteen (16) parastatals and agencies made up of twelve (12) River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs), Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC), Gurara Water Management Authority (GWMA), and the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI).

The country has four river drainage systems and 264 dams.

Recent studies of Nigerian water reserves (surface and groundwater sources) indicated that there are large supplies, and the country has surface and groundwater resources potentials of 267.3BCM and 51.9BCM
respectively.

 

Keywords: Nigeria, water resources, development ecological,  hydrological

VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLEAAEA

VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLE

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VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES EN EAU EN GUINEE EN VU D’UN DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET DURABLE

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RESUME

La Guinée a un potentiel hydrologique riche et diversifié.

Plusieurs cours d’eau de la sous-région y prennent leur source.

Le réseau hydrographique comprend 1161 cours d’eau, regroupés en 23 bassins versants.

Le pays compte 14 fleuves internationaux y compris le fleuve Niger dont le bassin est partagé par neuf pays de la sous-région.

Malheureusement les ressources en eau sont aujourd’hui menacées par des actions anthropiques de diverses origines (agriculture
extensive, exploitation minière à ciel ouvert, pêche illicite, feux de brousse, confection de briques cuites le long des cours d’eau, etc.) et par les effets néfastes du changement climatique.

Aussi, les aspects institutionnels et juridiques sont peu favorables à une gestion durable des ressources en eau.

L’impact du manque d’eau se fera sentir sur toutes les activités socio-économiques, particulièrement sur le secteur de l’agriculture, principal utilisateur de l’eau dans le pays.

Les sècheresses et les inondations récurrentes ont entraîné une baisse des disponibilités alimentaires en céréales.

Le pays est doté d’une grande potentialité hydroélectrique (6000 MW), malheureusement, seuls 6% sont mis en valeur.

Pour honorer ses engagements internationaux dans le cadre de la réduction de ses émissions du gaz à effet de serre, le pays compte d’ici 2030, quintupler sa production en hydroélectricité qui constitue une énergie propre.

Le secteur de l’approvisionnement en eau potable reste confronté à la faible capacité de production et de traitement de l’eau.

La gestion des ressources en eau dans le pays repose sur des plans généraux d’Aménagements Hydrauliques de 1978 et 1982.

Toutefois, le pays cherche à se doter d’une politique nationale de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) et l’élaboration d’un plan d’action privilégiant la prise en compte de la coopération en matière de bassins versants partagés.

Mots clés : potentiel, hydrologie, réseau, hydrographie, fleuve, Niger, bassin, ressources, eau, anthropiques, changement climatique,
gestion, durable, ressources, potentialité, hydroélectricité, socio économie.

 

SUMMARY

The Republic of Guinea has a rich and diversified hydrological potential. Several rivers in the sub Valorisation des ressources en eau en Guinée en vue d’un développement économique et social durable 107 region have their source.

The hydrographic network comprises 1161 rivers, grouped into 23 watersheds.

The country has 14 international rivers, including the Niger River, whose basin is shared by nine countries.

Unfortunately, water resources are now threatened by anthropogenic activities of diverse origins (extensive agriculture, open-pit mining,
illegal fishing, bush fires, making cooked bricks along streams, etc.) and the adverse effects of climate change.

Moreover, the institutional and legal aspects are not conducive to the sustainable management of water resources.

The impact of water shortage will be felt on all socio-economic activities.

The agriculture sector is the main user of water in the country, droughts and recurrent floods have led to a decline in cereal
food supplies.

The country has a high hydroelectric potential (6,000 MW), unfortunately, only 6% of its potential is used.

In order to meet its international commitments to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, by 2030, the country will have to
quintuple its hydroelectric production, which constitutes clean energy.

The drinking water supply sector remains confronted with the low capacity of production and treatment of water.

The management of water resources in the country is based on general plans for water development elaborated between 1978 and 1982.

However, the country seeks to have a national policy for integrated water resources management and development of an action plan focusing on taking into account cooperation on shared watersheds.

Keywords: Potential, hydrology, network, hydrography, river, Niger, watershed, resources, water, anthropogenic, climate change,
management, Sustainable, resources, potentiality, hydropower, socio-economic.

 

The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continentAFWASA

The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continent

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The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continent

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Africa is endowed with vast water resources including but not limited to lakes, rivers, swamps and underground aquifers. However, the way of life in Africa does not reflect this kind of wealth owing majorly to degradation and underutilization of these water resources.

This review discusses the centrality of water resources in Africa’s pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Following the Sustainable Development Model, the paper thematically examines and synthesizes the importance and potentials of water resources to Africa’s development through exploring their contributions and limitations to the various economic sectors namely; agricultural and livestock production, energy, manufacturing and processing, tourism, health, fisheries, trade and other institutional mechanisms such as payment for ecosystem services (PES), mutual cooperation and economic cooperation.

Data were collected by review of online peer-reviewed and grey literature published between the year 2000 and 2015.

It is observed that sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SDG 6) will be central to the attainment of all the other SDGs (particularly SDG 1 (No poverty), 2 (No hunger), 3 (Good health), 14 (life below water) and 15 (life on land)) across Africa.

African states should therefore increase their commitment to water conservation and management as this will significantly decide Africa’s future development paths.

 

The multiple uses of water derived from managed aquifer recharge systems in Kenya and India

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‘Multiple-use services’ (MUS) takes into account the fact that households use water for both domestic and for productive uses. This paper is the first to determine how managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems are a form of MUS. Two cases were studied in India and in Kenya. In the Kenyan case, sand dams are the form of MAR, and in India check dams and infiltration ponds of various scales are used. Through observations, interviews, and water quality data, it is possible to describe how the communities access the water from these infrastructures in multiple ways for different uses, according to their water needs and the characteristics of the different access points. MAR involves harvesting rainwater and retaining run-off water into the dry season thus increasing the amount of available water and enabling diversification of water uses. It should therefore be considered as an option by water managers aiming to develop water resources meeting both the domestic and productive needs of communities.

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The Yaounde Statement: AfWA Makes Recommendations for Non-Revenue Water (NRW) Management

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The Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER) organized an international Symposium jointly with the African Water Association (AfWA) and some partners, including LACROIX Sofrel, Technolog SA, Liason, etc. This event took place from January 26 to 27, 2023, in Yaoundé, Cameroon, under the theme: “Financial Viability of Water Utilities in Africa: Control of Commercial Losses and Fraud on the Drinking Water Distribution Network”.

The aim was to boost the financial performance of water utilities, through the control of commercial losses and fraud on the drinking water distribution networks of water utilities. Specifically, it was intended to provide an overview of the specific challenges faced by some water utilitites, to share some success stories, including technical and technological solutions to control losses, and to exchange with financial partners on financing options to stem these losses.

The following participants attended this event : General, Commercial, Technical and Financial Directors, Directors of Planning and Operation of water utilities in Central Africa, West Africa and East Africa, especially the Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER, Cameroon), the Chadian Water Company (STE, Chad), the Water Distribution Company of Côte d’Ivoire (SODECI, Côte d’Ivoire), Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL, Ghana), National Water & Sewerage Corporation (NWSC, Uganda), Lilongwe Water Board (LWB, Malawi). Some municipalities and institutions such as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), ministerial departments and other WASH stakeholders were also represented.

After two days of discussions with the sharing of practical experiences on the theme of the Symposium, some recommendations were formulated and organized into a Statement. Thus, the Yaounde Statement on Non-Revenue Water (NRW) identifies some lines of actions to help fight against water fraud and water losses through the use of technical tools, capacity building, financing and adoption of a regulatory framework and appropriate policies. This Statement was presented to the Cameroon Minister of Water & Energy, at the close of the Symposium.

The contextual adaptation of the suggested solutions and their implementation within the water utilities might contribute to resource preservation, improved revenues and prepare the way for financing the extension of services for the benefit of populations, including the most vulnerable segments.

For record, this Symposium was set a day after the final workshop for restructuring the Scientific and Technical Council (STC) of the African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA), still in Yaoundé, Cameroon, from 24 to 25 January 2023, and hosted by the Managing Director of CAMWATER, AfWASA Vice-President for Central Africa.

Download the Yaounde Statement here.

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SHARE WATER 11

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This eleventh issue of the African Water Association’s semi-annual bilingual Technical Journal “SHARE WATER” explores innovative and good practice solutions to build resilient and sustainable African cities. Thus, the various articles proposed, including a brilliant case study on sludge recovery practices for a circular economy in Senegal, focus on the steps to be taken to achieve inclusive sanitation at the scale of cities in Africa. In addition, alternative solutions to water stress are proposed for better management of water resources: the Windhoek wastewater reuse model, the intercommunality underpinned by the ATPC (Community-Led Total Sanitation) approach which leads to the establishment of a water and sanitation technical service in a municipality in Niger, Molecular Bi-Orientation for high-quality PVC pipes that comply with international standards, the production of drinking water from ambient air or the treatment of water with solar energy in four West African countries.

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Planning for a water secure city: A case study of Kampala, Uganda

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The management of water resources is a big challenge in Uganda. Then, it’s important to ensure water security. This document gives details on Water Security Action and Investment Plan Project (WSAIP) for Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, in order to support sustainable social and economic development in Uganda.

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