From scarcity to abundance: Innovative solutions for Africa's water crisisAFWASA

From scarcity to abundance: Innovative solutions for Africa’s water crisis

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From scarcity to abundance: Innovative solutions for Africa’s water crisis

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Abstract
Africa faces a critical water security challenge, with far-reaching implications for human health, economic development,
and environmental sustainability.

This article examines the continent’s current state of water security, analyzing key challenges such as climate change impacts, rapid population growth, and significant infrastructure deficits.

It reviews major policy frameworks and initiatives to address these challenges, including the African Water Vision 2025 and
investments by the African Development Bank.

The paper explores innovative approaches to enhance water security, presenting case studies from across the continent.

It concludes by discussing the role of international cooperation and providing recommendations to strengthen water security policies.

This comprehensive analysis aims to inform evidence-based policymaking and support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6, ensuring water and sanitation for all by 2030.

Keywords: Water security; Climate change; Water pollution; Water infrastructure; Innovative technologies;
Transboundary water management

 

évaluation de la gestion des déchets liquides hospitaliers du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yaoundé I (CHU) : cas des eaux uséesAAEA

évaluation de la gestion des déchets liquides hospitaliers du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yaoundé I (CHU) : cas des eaux usées

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évaluation de la gestion des déchets liquides hospitaliers du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yaoundé I (CHU) : cas des eaux usées

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L’objectif général de ce travail est d’évaluer efficacité du système de gestion des eaux usées du Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (C.H.U) de Yaoundé.

Des essais ont été conduits de décembre 2012 à mars 2013 à l’échelle d’une station pilote construite à l’ancienne station de traitement des eaux usées de CHU de l’Université de Yaoundé I aujourd’hui à l’abandon dans le but d’étudier l’efficacité du traitement de
deux systèmes naturels de traitement des eaux usées en série constitué d’une série de filtre planté et de lagunage.

Deux charges hydrauliques, respectivement 3 l/j et 5 l/j ont été testées avec chacune une répétition.

Tandis que pour le système de lagunage, deux temps de rétention ont été étudiés. Les eaux usées ont été prélevées dans les différents compartiments du système, conservées en glacière réfrigérées (4°C) () et ramenées en laboratoire pour le suivi des paramètres physicochimiques et bactériologiques suivant
les protocoles standards.

Les résultats obtenus montrent que les eaux usées non traitées issues du CHU (entrée du système) présentent des fortes teneurs en pollution physicochimique (CND, MES, NO3- , NH4+ PO43, DCO et DBO5) et bactériologique (CF et SF).

Les performances épuratoires obtenues après la mise en place d’une station pilote a permis de montrer un taux d’abattement des paramètres de la pollution sus élucidés.

Les eaux usées non traitées du CHU présentent un risque environnemental et sanitaire en raison des concentrations élevées en polluants physicochimiques et bactériologiques. Ce système est efficient en raison des abattements obtenus, mais certains paramètres de pollutions aux sorties (DBO5 et DCO) sont supérieurs aux normes de rejet du Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature et du
Développement Durable (MINEPDED).

Un traitement supplémentaire s’impose pour un affinage du traitement garantissant une sécurité environnementale et sanitaire.

Mots-clés : Eaux usées, station d’épuration, performances, CHU.

 

Abstract

Tests were conducted from December 2012 to March 2013 at the scale of a pilot plant built the old treatment plant wastewater Hospital of the University of Yaounde I now abandoned in order to study the effectiveness of two natural treatment systems sewage treatment series consists of a series of planted filter and lagoons.

Two hydraulic loads, respectively 3 l / d and 5 l / d have been tested with each repetition. While for the lagoon system, two retention time were studied.

The wastewater was collected in the different compartments of the system, kept chilled in ice (4° C) and brought back to the laboratory for monitoring bacteriological and physicochemical parameters according to standard protocols.

The results show that untreated sewage from the UHC (entry system) has high levels of physical and chemical pollution (CND,
MES, NO3- , NH4+ , PO43, DCO et DBO5) and bacteriological (CF and SF) pollution.

The purification results obtained after the implementation of a pilot plant has shown a reduction of the parameters of the
above elucidated pollution rates.

The untreated sewage UHC present an environmental and health risk due to high physicochemical and bacteriological pollutants concentrations.

This system is efficient because of reductions achieved, but some pollution parameter to the outputs (DBO5 and DCO) are greater than the discharge standards of MINEPDED (Ministry of Environment, Protection of nature and Sustainable
Development.

An additional treatment is required for refining treatment and ensuring environmental safety.

Keywords: Wastewater, treatment system, performances, CHU.

Qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines et risques sanitaires dans quelques quartiers de Yaoundé VII, CamerounAAEA

Qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines et risques sanitaires dans quelques quartiers de Yaoundé VII, Cameroun

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Qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines et risques sanitaires dans quelques quartiers de Yaoundé VII, Cameroun

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Au Cameroun, l’accès aux systèmes d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu urbain apparaît sélectif.

Les populations des quartiers situés en périphérie ont recours aux puits et sources pour assouvir leurs besoins.

La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines couramment utilisées dans quelques quartiers de l’arrondissement de Yaoundé VII. 24 échantillons d’eaux prélevés dans 6 sources (S1 à S6) et 2 puits (W1 et W2) ont été analysés suivant des méthodes normalisées.

Les températures relevées, proches de celle de l’air, révèlent le caractère libre des nappes étudiées.

Celles-ci subiraient l’influence directe des eaux d’infiltration. Les stations S1, W1 et W2 présentent des valeurs en nitrates supérieures à 50 mg/l (norme OMS).

La consommation de leurs eaux expose la population jeune à la méthémoglobinémie.

Contrairement aux recommandations de la norme camerounaise, les indicateurs de pollution fécale et les bactéries du genre Salmonella, ont été isolées dans les eaux analysées.

Une analyse en composante principale ainsi qu’un dendrogramme ont permis de classer les points d’échantillonnage, selon l’ordre croissant de pollution organique suivant : {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}.

Cependant, du point de vue pathogénique, S6, S3, S4, S5 sont les plus à craindre

 

Mots clés : Qualité des eaux, puits, sources, Yaoundé, risques sanitaires.

 

ABSTRACT

In Cameroon, access to drinking water supply systems in urban areas appears to be selective.

The populations located in the peripheral zone use wells and springs to satisfy their needs.

This study aims to assess the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the groundwater commonly used in some districts of Yaoundé VII. 24 water samples taken from 6 sources (S1 to S6) and 2 wells (W1 and W2) were analyzed according to standardized methods.

The temperatures recorded, close to that of the air, reveal the free nature of the aquifers studied which are directly influenced by the infiltration waters. Samples points S1, W1 and W2 presented concentration of nitrate above 50 mg/l (WHO standard).

The consumption of their waters exposes young people to methemoglobinemia.

On contrary to the recommendations of the cameroonian standard, the indicators of faecal pollution and bacteria of the genus Salmonella, were isolated in the waters analyzed.

A principal component analysis as well as a dendrogram permit to classify the sampling points, according to the
following increasing order of organic pollution: {S6}, (S3, S4, S5), (S1, S2), {W1}, {W2}. However, from a pathogenic point of view, S6, S3, S4, S5, are the most to be feared.

 

Keywords: Water quality, Dug wells, spring, Yaoundé, sanitary risks

Wastewater Management in Africa: Challenges and RecommendationsAFWASA

Wastewater Management in Africa: Challenges and Recommendations

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Wastewater Management in Africa: Challenges and Recommendations

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In Africa, the growing population and industrial growth have resulted in a notable increase in wastewater generation, affecting
the quality of water in the region. Wastewater treatment plays a crucial role in safeguarding the environment, public health, aquatic organisms, and water resources, reducing environmental impact, and adhering to regulations.

However, the current methods for treating wastewater in Africa fall short of these goals, resulting in substantially poor environmental and health outcomes and inadequate provision of safe water and essential sanitation.

Poor wastewater management in several African countries has led to severe health risks for humans, animals, and aquatic ecosystems.

This poses a particular threat to vulnerable groups like children, women, and the disabled residing in rural and remote areas with limited access to healthcare.

Hence, this article aims to shine a spotlight on the difficulties in managing wastewater in Africa and to recommend several plausible strategies to tackle this issue.

A literature search to find the most recent and relevant research papers from various databases, such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, along with resources from the World Health Organization, was conducted.

The selection criteria focused on including the most recent and relevant publications published in English to facilitate comprehension, analysis, and interpretation of the secondary data.

Essentially, addressing the challenge of wastewater management in Africa requires developing indigenous innovative technologies, transitioning to a sustainable economy, establishing wastewater treatment infrastructures in rural and remote areas, enhancing operation and maintenance practices, training treatment facility workers, improving electricity supply, strengthening government participation and support, encouraging public involvement, setting local water quality benchmarks, and international financial and technicalsupport.

By tackling the problem of insufficient wastewater treatment in Africa, it is possible to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6, which centers on ensuring clean water and sanitation for all.

KeyWoRdS: Africa, wastewater treatment, water pollution

Poids des vidangeurs privés dans la gestion des eaux usées et excréta à Abidjan Sud, Côte d’IvoireAAEA

Poids des vidangeurs privés dans la gestion des eaux usées et excréta à Abidjan Sud, Côte d’Ivoire

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Poids des vidangeurs privés dans la gestion des eaux usées et excréta à Abidjan Sud, Côte d’Ivoire

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RESUME

En 1974, le schéma d’assainissement de la ville d’Abidjan, en Côte d’Ivoire, avait pour
objectifs de raccorder la totalité des zones habitées à un réseau collectif de transport des eaux usées et d’atteindre en 1985 un taux de raccordement de 75 % de la population.

Plus de trente ans plus tard, le taux de raccordement est de 40 % à Abidjan.

Les échecs d’application des schémas d’assainissement expliquent la forte dépendance des populations urbaines (80 %) de l’assainissement autonome.

En outre, l’incapacité des autorités compétentes à assurer la maintenance et l’entretien du réseau d’assainissement et ses composantes poussent les ménages (92,7 %) de la commune de Port-Bouët à recourir aux services des vidangeurs privés.

Les résultats de l’étude attestent que les vidangeurs manuels sont les plus sollicités,
principalement dans les quartiers précaires (61,4 %).

Cela montre le rôle primordial de ces vidangeurs dans la résolution des problèmes liés aux dysfonctionnements des systèmes d’assainissement.

En conclusion, l’étude recommande une revalorisation de la corporation des vidangeurs privés fragilisés par d’innombrables problèmes d’ordre sanitaire, matériel, financier… afin de la rendre plus attractive.

Mots-clés: Vidangeur privé, assainissement, eaux usées et excréta, gestion, Côte d’Ivoire,

 

 

Abstract

Contribution of private septic tank cleaners to the management of wastewater and
excreta in southern Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

In 1974, the objectives of the sanitation master plan of the city of Abidjan, in Côte d’Ivoire, was to connect all inhabited areas with a collective sewerage network and to reach 75% of connection rate to the sanitation system in 1985.

Over three decades later, this rate is 40% in Abidjan.

Failures in implementing the different sanitation master plans explain the high
dependence of urban populations (80 %) on on-site sanitation facilities.

In addition, the inability of the competent authorities to maintain the sewerage network and its components is driving 92.7% of households to use the services of private septic tank cleaners in the municipality of Port-Bouët.

The results of the study show that manual septic tank cleaners are most in demand, mainly in precarious districts (61,4 %).

This shows the primary role of these septic tank cleaners in solving problems related to the dysfunctions of sanitation systems.

The study concludes with the suggestion of the revalorization of the septic tank
cleaners’ corporation weakened by numerous health, material, financial problems… in order to make it more attractive.

Keywords: private septic tank cleaner, sanitation, wastewater and excreta, management, Côte
d’Ivoire

 

Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practiceAFWASA

Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice

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Inadequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in non-household settings, such as schools, health care facilities, and workplaces impacts the health, education, welfare, and productivity of populations, particularly in low and middle-income countries.
There is limited knowledge on the status of WaSH in such settings.
To address this gap, we reviewed international standards, international and national actors, and monitoring initiatives; developed the first typology of non-household settings; and assessed the viability of monitoring.
Based on setting characteristics, non-household settings include six types: schools, health care facilities, workplaces, temporary use settings, mass gatherings, and dislocated populations.
To-date national governments and international actors have focused monitoring of non-household settings on schools and health care facilities with comparatively little attention given to other settings such as workplaces and markets. Nationally representative facility surveys and national management information systems are the primary monitoring mechanisms.
Data suggest that WaSH coverage is generally poor and often lower than in corresponding household settings.
Definitions, indicators, and data sources are underdeveloped and not always comparable between countries.
While not all countries monitor non-household settings, examples are available from countries on most continents suggesting that systematic monitoring is achievable.
Monitoring WaSH in schools and health care facilities is most viable.
Monitoring WaSH in other non-household settings would be viable with: technical support from local and national actors in addition to international organizations such as WHO and UNICEF; national prioritization through policy and financing; and including WaSH indicators into monitoring initiatives to improve cost-effectiveness.
International consultations on targets and indicators for global monitoring of WaSH post-2015 identified non-household settings as a priority.
National and international monitoring systems will be important to better understand status, trends, to identify priorities and target resources accordingly, and to improve accountability for progressive improvements in WaSH in non-household settings.
Keywords: Monitoring drinking water, sanitation,  hygiene non-household settings Priorities policy  practice
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1438463915000267
LA RARETE DE L’EAU EAU DANS LE MAYO- TSANAGA: IMPACTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET SANITAIRESAAEA

LA RARETE DE L’EAU EAU DANS LE MAYO- TSANAGA: IMPACTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET SANITAIRES.

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LA RARETE DE L’EAU EAU DANS LE MAYO- TSANAGA: IMPACTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET SANITAIRES.

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Depuis des décennies, le Mayo-Tsanaga, l’un des départements de la région de l’Extrême-Nord Cameroun fait la une de l’actualité nationale en termes d’approvisionnement difficile en eau.

Ceci est dû à l’environnement physique récalcitrant dominé par des chaines de montagnes qui n’offrent pas des possibilités pour un fort rechargement des nappes phréatiques en eau durant la saison sèche.

L’objectif de cette communication est d’analyser les effets de la rareté en eau dans les domaines socio-économiques et sanitaire.

Sur le terrain, des observations et des entretiens portant sur l’impact de la rareté de l’eau dans le domaine économique, social et sanitaire ont été effectués.

Il en ressort que les facteurs qui justifient la crise en eau dans le département du Mayo-Tsanaga sont la dégradation du milieu naturel et l’environnement physique complexé par des chaines de montagnes.

Ils entrainent à cet effet des conflits qui se renforcent davantage par la croissance démographique, l’inégale répartition des points d’eau et leur mode de gestion.

De même, vu que les populations n’ont pas l’accès à une eau potable, elles sont
victimes de nombreuses maladies hydriques. Cette crise en eau constitue un frein au développement
économique dans la mesure où elle ne permet pas aux populations de mener à bien les cultures maraîchères, l’élevage, la restauration etc.

Face à ces difficultés, les forages seuls ne peuvent pas résoudre le problème des populations.

Il serait judicieux pour les autorités compétentes de multiplier les adductions d’eau potable.

Mots clé : eau, rareté en eau, mayo-tsanaga, conflit, maladies hydriques

Abstract
Since decades, the Mayo-Tsanaga is one of the far Far North Region divisions in Cameroon which is suffering difficult water access.

This is due to the physical environment marked by the mountain ranges that don’t allow water storage during is to study dry season.

The aim of this communication is to study the impacts of water rareness in socio-economic and health domain. On the field observations and conversation on these domains have been done.

As results of conversations, the natural degradation milieu and the difficult physical environment are the main factors that justify the water rareness in Mayo-Tsanaga division.

And these cause conflicts reinforced more by the demographic expansion,
unequal share-out of the water points and their management mode.

In addition, the populations of that division are victims to numerous water sicknesses because of the inaccessibility to potable water.

This water crisis consists a brake to economic development in far as it doesn’t give possibilities to carry hrough their agriculture, breeding and storage.

Face to these difficulties, authorities’ haves to multiply potable water adductions in oder to solve the community problems.

Keys Words: Water, water rareness, mayo-tsanaga, conflict, water sickness

Les modes d’approvisionnement en eau potable par les ménages du MAYO- TSANAGA : Partie Nord des MONTS MANDARAAAEA

Les modes d’approvisionnement en eau potable par les ménages du MAYO- TSANAGA : Partie Nord des MONTS MANDARA

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Les modes d’approvisionnement en eau potable par les ménages du MAYO- TSANAGA : Partie Nord des MONTS MANDARA

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Les ménages du département du Mayo-Tsanaga font face à de réels défis pour s’approvisionner en eau potable.

Dans la zone rurale, la problématique de l’accès à l’eau est plus prononcée en saison sèche. Cette étude fait une évaluation des modes d’approvisionnement endogène en eau potable.

Pour y parvenir, l’étude combine des données de deux sources : les données de sources secondaires issues des bibliothèques, centre d’études et les données de sources primaires issues des enquêtes de terrain dans 08 villages du Mayo-Tsanaga.

Certes, il existe divers ouvrages (les sources aménagées et non aménagées)
d’alimentation en eau mais l’eau elle-même est saisonnière et de qualité
douteuse.

Une équation d’accès à l’eau potable difficile à résoudre, qui met non
seulement en danger la vie des personnes chargées de recueillir le précieux
liquide et celle de la famille toute entière.

Une situation qui maintient le département dans la liste des zones d’insécurité alimentaire au Cameroun.

Mots clés : Mode d’approvisionnement endogène, eau potable, ménages, Mayo-
Tsanaga

 

ABSTRACT

Households in the department of Mayo-Tsanaga face real challenges in
accessing drinking water.

In rural areas, the problem of access to water is more pronounced in the dry season.

This study assesses endogenous drinking water supply methods.

To achieve this, the study combines data from two sources: secondary source data from libraries and study centers, and primary source data from field surveys in 08 villages in Mayo-Tsanaga. While there are various

water supply structures (developed and undeveloped springs), the water itself is
seasonal and of doubtful quality.

A difficult equation to solve when it comes to access to drinking water, which not only endangers the lives of those responsible for collecting the precious liquid, but also those of the entire family.

A situation that keeps the department on Cameroon’s list of food insecurity zones.

Key words: endogenous supply, drinking water, households, Mayo-Tsanaga

Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities: A Sustainable Domestic Water Management Strategy in TanzaniaAFWASA

Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities: A Sustainable Domestic Water Management Strategy in Tanzania

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Water supply is a mandatory service for Tanzanians from respective legal public water11 utilities, and their sustainability reflects implementations of best management strategies at a local level.

The objective of this study was to assess current approaches used in water quality and quantity management in Tanzania.

This was achieved through secondary water data tends, on-site water quality assessments, visits of respective water supply and sanitation authorities, and
assessment of their performances.

It was observed that water supplied in rural-based authorities was quite different from that supplied in an urban setting as far as quality and quantity is concerned, urban-based supplies being of assistance to users over rural ones.

A new strategy on water management is presented for sustainable water supply in Tanzania; it is based on controlling  groundwater abstractions and preference of surface water in public water supplies.

Rural water
supply management must learn several practices realized at urban supplies for the betterment of respective majority water users.

 

Keywords: Community owned water supply organization (COWSO); Domestic water2
management strategy; Water Quality; Water Quantity; Water supply and sanitation authority

Water demand management in Malawi: problems and prospects for its promotionAFWASA

Water demand management in Malawi: problems and prospects for its promotion

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This paper discusses the status of water demand management (WDM) in Malawi.
Findings from the study indicate that, while WDM is highly advocated in the urban and peri-urban areas, very few aspects of WDM are practiced in the rural areas.
The water pricing structure that the supplying institutions established serves as a disincentive for water wastages in the urban areas. Both private firms and individuals use various measures to conserve water as a way of minimizing water consumption.
The motives for water conservation range from profit maximization to inadequate financial resources to meet the costs of water respectively. In the rural areas where water is supplied at no cost, the people tend to pay less attention to water conservation.
In cases where water providers attempted to institute factors of cost sharing, the rural inhabitants tended to be reluctant to contribute. This is so because people view water as a social good that should be supplied to them free of charge.
The paper demonstrates that although some aspects of WDM are being practiced in the country, the existing conditions on the ground militate against its increased expansion as a strategy for promoting an efficient and equitable use of existing water resources.
A large section of the population still lack access to potable water and the Malawi government is committed to the provision of basic water services.
Yet WDM will become even more critical in future because of the growing competition for water resources, particularly due to the growing population and the increasing economic activities such as farming, industrialization and urbanization.
The paper argues that despite the promising benefits that WDM has, its promotion must necessarily be infused with ideas of water supply considering that the largest population still lacks access to potable water.
Coupled with this will be the need for a proper policy framework that promotes public awareness for people to start appreciating the economic value of water especially in the rural areas.
Keywords: Water demand management  Malawi: problem prospects promotion
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474706503001426