Innovations technologiques et gestion de l’eau en Algérie : La maîtrise de la demandeAAEA

innovations technologiques et gestion de l’eau en Algérie : La maîtrise de la demande

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Innovations technologiques et gestion de l’eau en Algérie : La maîtrise de la demande

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Résumé :

Alors que les ressources d’eau naturelles conventionnelles viennent à manquer, les technologies traditionnelles n’arrivent plus à concilier entre la satisfaction de la demande sans cesse croissante, et l’augmentation des dotations en eaux.

La création et le développement de moyens techniques et technologiques nouveaux, permettant d’échapper à la sujétion des conditions locales et aux aléas de la nature dans le domaine de l’eau, représente une des conditions préalables au développement de l’économie.

L’approche en termes de demande de l’eau est d’ordre qualitatif et prône l’efficacité économique.

Elle va de paire avec la mise en valeur de nouvelles ressources et préconise une maîtrise plus stricte de la
demande.

La gestion et la maîtrise de la demande doit s’opérer par le recours aux innovations technologiques et ce sur deux axes complémentaires : une première action sur la quantité de la demande et une seconde action sur la qualité de la demande.

Mots Clés : Innovations technologiques, gestion de l’eau, maîtrise de la demande, économie de l’eau, Algérie

 

Abstract

While conventional natural water resources become scarce, traditional technologies are no longer able to balance between the growing demand and increased water allocations.

The creation and development of new technical and technological process, to escape the hardship of local conditions and the vagaries of nature in the field of water, is a prerequisite for the development of the economy.

The water approach in terms of demand is qualitative and promotes economic efficiency.

It goes both with the development of new resources and a good control of water demand.

Management and water demand control must be effected by the use of technological innovations in two complementary approaches: a first action on the demand quantity and a second action on the quality.

Keywords: Technological innovation, water management, demand control, water economic, Algeria

https://afwasakm.afwasa.org/solar-water-disinfection-in-large%e2%80%91volume-containers-from-the-laboratory-to-the-field-a-case-study-in-tigray-ethiopia/AFWASA

Solar water disinfection in large‑volume containers: from the laboratory to the field. A case study in Tigray, Ethiopia

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Solar water disinfection in large‑volume containers: from the laboratory to the field. A case study in Tigray, Ethiopia

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The lack of safe drinking water affects communities in low‑to‑medium‑income countries most.

This barrier can be overcome by using sustainable point‑of‑use water treatments.

Solar energy has been used to disinfect water for decades, and several efforts have been made to optimise the standard procedure of solar water disinfection (SODIS process).

However, the Health Impact Assessment of implementing advanced technologies in the field is also a critical step in evaluating the success of the optimisation.

This work reports a sustainable scaling‑up of SODIS from standard 2 L bottles to 25 L transparent jerrycans (TJC) and a 12‑month field implementation in four sites of Tigray in Ethiopia, where 80.5% of the population lives without reliable access to safe drinking water and whose initial baseline average rate of diarrhoeal disease in children under 5 years was 13.5%.

The UVA dose required for 3‑log reduction of E. coli was always lower than the minimum UVA daily dose received
in Tigray (9411 ± 55 Wh/m 2 ).

Results confirmed a similar decrease in cases of diarrhoea in children in the implementation (25 L PET TJC) and control (2 L PET bottles) groups, supporting the feasibility of increasing the volume of the SODIS water containers to produce safer drinking water with a sustainable and user‑friendly process.

 

How are water treatment technologies used in developing countries and which are the most effective? An implication to improve global healthAFWASA

How are water treatment technologies used in developing countries and which are the most effective? An implication to improve global health

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How are water treatment technologies used in developing countries and which are the most effective? An implication to improve global health

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Abstract: Worldwide, there are an estimated 2.3 billion people living in water-scarce and stressed areas.

The water in these areas may contain harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, that can have a negative effect on human health.

Poor sanitation, lack of hygiene, contaminated water sources, and the overall poor quality of drinking water leads to disease and death amongst people of all ages in underdeveloped and developing countries.

In order to better the health of these communities and the quality of water, affordable water treatment technologies that can reduce harmful contamination to potable water standards must continue to be developed.

The purpose of this study is to review the currently available techniques, such as solar water disinfection (SODIS), chlorination, ceramic and biosand water filtration and slow sand filtration, that can be utilized in developing countries.

A number of peer-reviewed journal articles were reviewed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each of water treatment technologies.

This process is based on the quality/efficiency of the treatment process, the availability/accessibility of the treatment as well as its overall
effectiveness.

Based on our study, SODIS had the most positive impacts however, membrane filtration shows a potential to become the preferred water treatment method in the future. Affordable and effective water

treatment is a vital step towards reducing morbidity, as well as reducing health complications for the present and the future in developing countries.

Keywords: Water; treatment; technologie

Exploring emerging water treatment technologies for the removal of microbial pathogensAFWASA

A critical review of water purification technology appropriate for developing countries: Northern Ghana as a case study

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A critical review of water purification technology appropriate for developing countries: Northern Ghana as a case study

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A B S T R A C T

A wide range of technologies are commercially available for water purification. However, not all of these technologies are suitable for use in rural, underdeveloped regions.

Here, I present a systematic method for selecting the most appropriate technology for a particular community, using rural Ghana as a case study.

In Ghana, over half of the population lives in rural areas, and two-thirds of these residents lack access to safe drinking water. Ghana
has made significant strides using innovative water treatment techniques; however, there are still many hurdles.

Simple and inexpensive, on-site water filtration technologies are a promising method for removing protozoans and other micro-organisms that pose significant health risks in underdeveloped, rural areas.

In this review, several of these commercially available on-site water filtration technologies are assessed based on the following factors:
effectiveness, cost, energy consumption, environmental impacts, and waste generated.

Thisanalysis suggests that for rural communities in Ghana, LifeStraw and ceramic clay pots are the most appropriate technologies.

Implementation of these technologies poses potential benefits in terms of cost effectiveness and economic growth. Although this paper focuses on northern Ghana as a case study, the methodology presented here can be readily extended to specific scenarios in other developing countries.

Keywords: Filtration; Ghana; Public health; Drinking water; Waterborne-diseases

Exploring emerging water treatment technologies for the removal of microbial pathogensAFWASA

Exploring emerging water treatment technologies for the removal of microbial pathogens

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Exploring emerging water treatment technologies for the removal of microbial pathogens

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The availability of potable and clean water has become a global challenge.

There are many variables that affect how equally people have access to clean water.

Disparities are a result of inadequate infrastructure, which includes a deficiency of suitable pipelines, sanitation systems, and water treatment facilities.

The presence of pathogenic microbes such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa in water has become a global public health concern.
Pathogens present in water caused various disease outbreaks, health emergencies and increased cost of treatments.

To address this challenge, a variety of methods for removing microbial pathogens from water sources have been developed and implemented.

This review provides a thorough exploration of diverse methods utilized for pathogen removal in water treatment, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological approaches.

It delves into the efficacy of each method, scrutinizing their constraints and practical implications.

Furthermore, recent advancements and emerging technologies within the domain are explored, offering insights into potential future developments and enhancements.

Future research efforts should focus on addressing these challenges to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of water treatment systems for safeguarding public health and ensuring access to safe drinking water worldwide.

Keywords: Water, Contaminants, Disinfection, Pathogens, Microbes

Assainissement des eaux usées et risques socio – sanitaires et environnementaux en zones d’habitat planifié de Yaoundé (Cameroun)AAEA

Assainissement des eaux usées et risques socio – sanitaires et environnementaux en zones d’habitat planifié de Yaoundé (Cameroun)

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  La problématique de l’assainissement des eaux usées, telle qu’elle se pose avec acuité dans la ville de Yaoundé, nécessite que des solutions adaptées soient prises.

   L’eutrophisation et le comblement élevé des zones humides de cette sont des conséquences perceptibles de cette situation. Les statistiques sur la prévalence des maladies diarrhéiques sont des signaux de l’impact d’un défaut d’hygiène et d’assainissement, quel que soit le type de tissu urbain de la ville.

   Le taux de prévalence des maladies diarrhéique à Yaoundé, notamment chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans est significatif (14%) et interpelle les acteurs compétents pour des solutions d’urgence et adaptées.

   C’est pour comprendre ce phénomène qu’un enquête ménage a été conduite auprès de 620 ménages de ces quartiers, suivie d’une campagne d’observation du fonctionnement des ouvrages d’assainissement.

   Cette étude permet de constater que la situation de l’assainissement des eaux usées dans les quartiers à habitat planifié se présente comme suit :

    Les ouvrages individuels sont dominants avec les fosses septiques (dans 30% des ménages) et les latrines (dans 21% des cas).

     Le réseau d’égout avec station d’épuration dessert 46% des ménages de l’échantillon.

     Ces ouvrages ne satisfont pas aux attentes des ménages interviewés. Les raisons évoquées par les ménages sont entre autres, les défauts de construction, les insuffisances d’entretien, les odeurs et les cafards pour 75% des ouvrages individuels ; l’insuffisance de traitement des eaux usées, les dysfonctionnements et l’abandon total des stations d’épuration pour plus des 2/3 des ménages raccordés au système collectif.

    Les conséquences sur l’environnement, le cadre de vie et la santé sont perçues par les ménages comme étant liées à la mauvaise gestion des eaux usées dans leurs quartiers.

     La pollution des ressources naturelles (eau et sol), le développement des vecteurs de maladies hydriques, l’insalubrité et la dégradation du patrimoine urbain (réseau de drainage, voirie) sont les conséquences les plus citées par les ménages interviewés.

Parmi les propositions évoquées, les stations d’épuration par lagunage font partir des alternatives adaptées au traitement des eaux usées dans les quartiers à habitat structuré de Yaoundé : ce sont des systèmes souples et peu coûteux dans leur conception, leur réalisation et leur gestion.

     La participation des ménages, principaux bénéficiaires, est une nécessité à toutes les phases du projet.

     L’étude a relevé une réelle volonté de ces ménages à adhérer à ces projets, en terme d’appui conseil, de contribution financière, matérielle et en main d’œuvre.

      La mise en œuvre de tels systèmes nécessite de maîtriser les paramètres socio-économiques, urbanistiques, sanitaires et environnement du contexte considéré.

      L’optimisation de l’efficacité épuratoire des stations extensives nécessite d’organiser et de structurer artificiellement les espèces aquatiques utilisées afin de maximiser la rétention des polluants présents dans les eaux usées.

      Tel est la principe préconisé par la méthodologie de la Mosaïque Hiérarchisée des Ecosystèmes Artificielles (MHEA) dont nous recherche les condition d’application dans un contexte de climat tropical humide tel que Yaoundé (au Cameroun).

Mots-clés :

fosses septiques, lagunage, latrines, MHEA, participation, pollution, risques sanitaires et environnementaux, station d’épuration, eaux usées

https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/4741?lang=en

Accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement: cas de la commune d'arrondissement de Douala V (Cameroun)AAEA

Accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement: cas de la commune d’arrondissement de Douala V (Cameroun)

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Accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement: cas de la commune d’arrondissement de Douala V (Cameroun)

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Résumé
Introduction: l’accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement est depuis longtemps l’enjeu d’un combat mené par de nombreux États.

Cependant, il représente un combat quotidien pour des centaines de milliers de citadins qui vivent principalement dans les pays en développement.

Le gouvernement camerounais avec l’aide des bailleurs de fond ont élaboré des stratégies devant faire de l’assainissement et l’accès à l’eau potable une réalité.

Nous avons donc décidé d’évaluer l’assainissement et l’accès à l’eau potable de la sous-division de Douala V. Méthodes: il s’est agi d’une
étude transversale descriptive.

L’étude s’est effectuée sur une période allant de mai en juin 2018. Un échantillonnage aléatoire à deux dégrées était
utilisé. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide d’un questionnaire. L’analyse a été faite par épi info version 7.1.3.3.

Résultats: il ressort de notre étude que 22,47% déversaient ses eaux dans la nature après usage. Puis 65,55% (493/752) de ménages consommaient l’eau de forage. 53,69% de ménage parcouraient entre 1 à 5 km et 49,25% marchaient plus de 15minutes pour avoir de l’eau.

85,50% de ménages n’utilisaient pas une méthode de traitement de l’eau.

Seulement 14,49% pratiquaient une méthode de traitement. Aucun ménage n’utilisait la méthode de potabilisation par rayonnement solaire (SODIS). 2/752 ménages (0,26%) n’avaient pas de latrine.

La majeure partie des ménages 54,52% (410/752) déversaient les ordures dans la rue.

Conclusion: la mise en place des unités décentralisées: les forages, les bacs à ordures et l’éducation de la population sur les méthodes de traitement de l’eau pour les besoins élémentaires est une urgence.

Mots clés: Accès, eau potable, assainissement, population Douala V

 

Abstract

Introduction: access to drinking water and sanitation has been a long-standing issue between many States.

However, it represents a daily struggle for hundreds of thousands of city dwellers who live mainly in the developing countries.

The government of Cameroon with the assistance of providers of funds have implemented strategies to make sanitation and access to safe drinking water a reality.

We have therefore decided to assess sanitation and access to drinking water in Douala V sub division. Method: we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study from May to June 2018.

We used a two-stage random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire.

The analysis was conducted using Epi Info Version 7.1.3.3.

Results: our study shows that 22.47% of subjects discharged waters into the natural environment after use.

Then, 65,55% (493/752) of households consumed borehole water; 53.69% of households rode between 1 to 5 km, 49.25% walked more than 15 minutes to collect water and 85,50% of households did not use a water treatment method.

Only 14.49% of subjects used a water treatment method. No household used solar water disinfection (SODIS); 2/752 households (0.26%) had no latrine. Most of the households (54.52%; 410/752) discharged domestic wastes onto the street.

Conclusion: the creation of decentralized units: the drillings, waste disposal systems and water treatment education to meet basic needs are essential.

Key words: Access, drinking water, sanitation, population, Douala V

Is drinking water from ‘improved sources’ really safe? A case study in the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon)AFWASA

Is drinking water from improved sources really safe? A case study in the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon)

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Is drinking water from ‘improved sources’ really safe? A case study in the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon)

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ABSTRACT

Within a cooperation project coordinated by the Association for Rural Cooperation in Africa and Latin America (ACRA) Foundation, water supplies were sampled across the villages of the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon) mostly from boreholes, open wells, rivers and lakes as well as from some piped water.

Microbiological analyses and sanitary inspections were carried out at each source.

The microbiological quality was determined by analysis of indicators of faecal contamination, Escherichia coli, Enterococci and Salmonellae, using the membrane filtration method.

Sanitary inspections were done using WHO query forms.

The assessment confirmed that there are several parameters of health concern in the studied area; bacteria of faecal origins are the most significant. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) classification and E. coli measurement
are not sufficient to state water safety.

In fact, in the studied area, JMP defined ‘improved sources’ may provide unsafe water depending on their structure and sources without E. coli may haveEnterococci and Salmonellae.

Sanitary inspections also revealed high health risks for some boreholes.

In other cases, sources with low sanitary risk and no E. coli were contaminated by Enterococci and Salmonellae.

Better management and protection of the sources, hygiene improvement and domestic water treatment before consumption are possible solutions to reduce health risks in the Logone valley.

Key words | Chad-Cameroon, drinking water sources, quality monitoring, sanitary inspections

Water Availability, Quality And Treatment Methods In Malawi: A ReviewAFWASA

Water Availability, Quality And Treatment Methods In Malawi: A Review

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Water Availability, Quality And Treatment Methods In Malawi: A Review

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Abstract- Water is essential in all aspects of life such as health, economic growth, food production and support for the environment.

Water is scarce mainly in developing countries and pollution of the water resources is a major challenge contributed by the discharge of
wastewater from industries and municipal, agriculture runoff, household wastes and others.

The mainly used water resources in African countries are Lakes, boreholes, rivers, shallow wells, streams and springs.

People consume water from unprotected sources without treatment leading to an outbreak of waterborne diseases.

The water resources recorded high pollution levels with contaminants concentrations above the acceptable limits by the Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS) and World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water.

Parameters such as turbidity, Faecal coliforms and bacteria counts in the shallow wells for the sampled and analyzed water recorded a high-value range above the permissible limits for drinking water.

The drinking water treatment methods used are disinfection, filtration and boiling by a large percentage of pollution at the household level.

Total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and nitrates in the analysis done for the water from the wells and boreholes were within the allowable for drinking water standards.

The TSS in another study analyzed for the drinking water recorded value above the WHO and MBS standards caused by the direct discharge
of the wastewater to water bodies.

The water treatment plants treat surface water and groundwater recorded raw water quality of some of the parameters within the allowable limits with and exemption of Liwonde water treatment plant recorded high turbidity water above drinking water standards.

Water treatment plants also recorded better removal of the pollutants in the water through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection processes.

The water quality index (WQI) as a key method for regulating water quality for domestic use and the overall effects of quality of water parameters that pose risk to water usage.

The WQI provides valuable information to water resource managers for it is efficiently reliable and useful method for communicating and evaluating the overall quality water information.

In terms of total hardness, the water quality was rated as mild hard to very hard water, while in salinity the water recorded high concentration of total dissolved solids and electric conductivity.

Therefore, this review paper, determined the water resources, water quality, and the treatment techniques for the drinking water, hence a cost-effective, feasible and affordable water treatment method is suggested for the water treatment plant in the treatment of the drinking water.

Index Terms- Drinking water, Water resources, Water treatment, Water Quality Index, Drinking water standards

APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE A PARTIR D’UN SYSTEME DE POMPAGE PHOTOVOLTAÏQUE DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DU MONT-ILLI AU SUD-OUEST DU TCHADAAEA

APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE A PARTIR D’UN SYSTEME DE POMPAGE PHOTOVOLTAÏQUE DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DU MONT-ILLI AU SUD-OUEST DU TCHAD

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APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU POTABLE A PARTIR D’UN SYSTEME DE POMPAGE PHOTOVOLTAÏQUE DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DU MONT-ILLI AU SUD-OUEST DU TCHAD

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Résumé : L’alimentation en eau potable demeure un problème quotidien des populations du Tchad, surtout celles rurales.

L’eau et l’énergie sont des éléments inhérents, indispensables à la vie humaine.

En effet, le système de pompage solaire photovoltaïque de l’eau semble être une alternative, d’ailleurs une solution bien adaptée pour l’approvisionnement des populations rurales en eau potable.

Le système de pompage solaire apporte une réponse à la demande croissante de l’eau au Tchad.

Cet article montre l’avantage du système de pompage photovoltaïque à la problématique de l’eau au Tchad et dans l’amélioration des conditions d’accès à l’eau potable dans le département du Mont-Illi.

La méthodologie adoptée est axée sur l’approche qualitative (entretiens semi-directifs et observations) et quantitative, avec 122 ménages interrogés dans la sous-préfecture de Fianga et 84 ménages à Youé.

L’étude révèle que 32% de la population prend sa source principale au niveau de forage et 100% à Youé.

Cependant, d‘énormes efforts des pouvoirs publics sont nécessaires pour approvisionner les populations rurales en eau de qualité meilleure et arriver à un accès équitable à l’eau.

Mots-clés : Eau potable, approvisionnement en eau, pompage solaire, ménage, milieu rural.

 

SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER FROM A PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING SYSTEM IN THE MONT-ILLI DEPARTMENT IN SOUTH-WEST OF CHAD

Abstract: The supply of drinking water remains a daily problem for the populations of
Chad, especially those in rural areas.

Water and energy are inherent elements, essential to human life. Indeed, the photovoltaic solar water pumping system seems to be an
alternative, moreover a well-suited solution for supplying rural populations with
drinking water.

The solar pumping system provides a response to the growing demand for water in Chad.

This article shows the advantage of the photovoltaic pumping system to the water problem in Chad and in improving the conditions of access to drinking water in the Mont-Illi department.

The methodology adopted is focused on the qualitative (semi-structured interviews and observations) and quantitative approach, with 122 households interviewed in the sub-prefecture of Fianga and 84 households in Youé.

The study reveals that 32% of the population takes its main source at the drilling level and 100% in Youé.

However, enormous efforts by public authorities are necessary to supply rural populations with better quality water and achieve equitable access to water.

Keywords: Drinking water, supply, solar pumping, household, problems.